SummaryHedamycin is an antitumor polyketide antibiotic with unusual biosynthetic features. Earlier sequence analysis of the hedamycin biosynthetic gene cluster implied a role for type I and type II polyketide synthases (PKSs). We demonstrate that the hedamycin minimal PKS can synthesize a dodeca...

A divergent, asymmetric method for the synthesis of pyranonaphthoquinones is reported. The synthetic strategy applies a Staunton–Weinreb annulation between substituted ortho-toluates and the (R)-pyran-2-one 7 to construct the key naphthopyranone intermediates. Stereoselective introduction of ei...

A thin-layer chromatographic method hasbeen developed for the detection of major nebramycin components, for the separation of tobramycin from other components and for studying the hydrolysis of carbamoyl derivatives and procedures for isolation and purification.A sensitive method has also been e...

The development of an efficient analytical protocol for the reliable identification of the biosynthetic intermediates found in microbial cultures, which usually produce complex intermediates of the metabolites of interest, is both challenging and essential for further studies into gene-to-metabo...

The pheromone trisporic acid induces zygophore development in zygomycetes. We study the interaction of the parasite Parasitella parasitica with one of its hosts, Absidia glauca. In analogy to the mating reaction, the (+) type of P. parasitica specifically infects the (-) type of A. glauca. There...

Carotene cleavage is the necessary initial step in the biosynthesis of trisporic acid, the sexual signal in zygomycete fungi. Two genes encoding putative carotene oxygenases, designated tsp3 and tsp4, were identified in the genome of the zygomycete Rhizopus oryzae. Using heterologous primers, ts...

Trisporic acid, discovered in 1964 as a metabolite that caused enhanced carotene production in Blakeslea trispora, was later shown to be the hormone that brought about zygophore production in Mucor mucedo. This raised the question as to the nature of the substances that were exchanged between (+...

Sexual communication between complementary mating partners in the fungal group of zygomycetes is mediated by the trisporoid pheromone system. A key enzyme towards biosynthesis of hormonally active trisporoids is 4-dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase (TSP1), an enzyme occurring in all zygomycet...

The zygomycete Blakeslea trispora is used commercially to produce β-carotene. Trisporic acid (TA), the previously discovered pheromone of B. trispora, is considered to be the main inducer of carotene biosynthesis. To gain insight into the regulatory mechanisms of TA that controls terpenoid bios...

Gamma-oryzanol (GO) has gained special attention in the equine sports industry in recent years due to its touted properties, including the fact that it may cause anabolic effects on muscle growth and reduce fatigue. Many manufactures offer supplements containing GO as a naturally occurring anabo...

The reduction of particle size can facilitate the extraction of phytochemical compounds. In this study was evaluated the effect of rice bran particles size in the yield and characteristics of γ-oryzanol compound. The γ-oryzanol extraction was realized with hexane and isopropanol solvents and q...

Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease is characterised by cognitive impairments and associated with cerebrometabolic anomaly and dementia which are burdensome for the old age population and their caregivers worldwide. A safe and effective treatment is essentially required for its prevention and cure. γ...

The γ-oryzanol is a complex mixture of triterpenic alcohols with ferulic acid esters of phytosterols, being an important nutraceutical in rice bran. In order to assess the ability of the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) to extract γ-oryzanol from rice bran, the solubility of γ-oryzanol in...

AimsThe present study was aimed to investigate the anxiolytic effect of γ-oryzanol (GORZ) during chronic restraint stress treatment (CRST), which is a well-documented model of stress-related disorders, like anxiety, and its potential molecular mechanisms.

The present study assessed the effects of daily supplementation with 33 mg/metabolic weight (MW) of γ-oryzanol on testicular degeneration induced by scrotal insulation in rams. Eight animals were divided into two groups: Control (subjected to scrotal insulation without treatment) and Gamma (sub...

Rice grain contains several functional compounds. Among these, γ-oryzanol is one of the most important owing to its biological role in human physiology. This study was conducted to determine the γ-oryzanol in Korean rice landraces, and classify them based on grain γ-oryzanol composition and c...

BackgroundTacrolimus (Tac), an essential component of immunosuppressive therapy after solid-organ transplantation, has a narrow therapeutic index and requires therapeutic drug monitoring. Monitoring of Tac predose blood concentrations seems to be not always sufficient to avoid adverse effects. T...

Previous studies performed on excised gastric tissue and in healthy volunteers revealed that the ion exchange resin, cholestyramine, exhibits mucoadherent behaviour. This study was designed to elucidate whether surface charge affected this behaviour. Gamma scintigraphy was performed on fasted no...

Cholestyramine resin in a bile acid sequestrant which binds with bile salts in the intestinal lumen to increase the fecal excretion of bile salts and, thus, lower blood serum cholesterol. In order to gain a better understanding of the low in vivo potency of cholestyramine, in vitro equilibrium b...

Methods are described for the preparation of pure crystalline samples of the penicilloic and penilloic acids of penicillin G, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, floxacillin, methicillin, penicillin V, and ticarcillin and the penicilloic acids of amoxicillin, ampicillin, phenethicillin, and propicillin....