2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalic acid supplier

Name
2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalic acid
EINECS 210-239-4
CAS No. 610-92-4
Article Data42
CAS DataBase
Density 1.779 g/cm³
Solubility
Melting Point >300 °C(lit.)
Formula C₈H₆O₆
Boiling Point 498.9 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Weight 198.132
Flash Point 269.6 °C
Transport Information
Appearance
Safety 26-37/39
Risk Codes 36/37/38
Molecular Structure
Hazard Symbols Xi
Synonyms Terephthalicacid, 2,5-dihydroxy- (6CI,7CI,8CI);2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid;2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalic acid;Hydroquinone-2,5-dicarboxylic acid;NSC 407960;
PSA 115.06000
LogP 0.49420

Synthetic route

: 13731-82-3
2,5-dibromoterephtalic acid

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 2,5-dibromoterephtalic acid With water; sodium carbonate; trans-N,N'-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine; copper(I) bromide In acetonitrile at 90℃; for 18h; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In water; acetonitrile at 25℃; Product distribution / selectivity;	98%
Stage #1: 2,5-dibromoterephtalic acid With water; sodium carbonate for 1h; Heating / reflux; Stage #2: With water; trans-N,N'-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine; copper(I) bromide at 90℃; for 2h; Stage #3: With hydrogenchloride In water at 25℃; Product distribution / selectivity;	97%
Stage #1: 2,5-dibromoterephtalic acid With water; sodium carbonate for 1h; Heating / reflux; Stage #2: 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione; copper(I) bromide In water at 80℃; for 30h; Stage #3: With hydrogenchloride In water at 25℃;	92%

: 6289-46-9
dimethyl 2,5-dioxocyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylate

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With 2-ethylanthraquinone; dihydrogen peroxide; potassium hydroxide In methanol Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere; Reflux;	97%

: 13799-90-1
2,5-dichloroterephthalic acid

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 2,5-dichloroterephthalic acid With water; sodium carbonate for 1h; Heating / reflux; Stage #2: With water; trans-N,N'-dimethyl-1,2-cyclohexyldiamine; copper(I) bromide at 80℃; for 20h; Stage #3: With hydrogenchloride In water at 25℃; Product distribution / selectivity;	94%
Stage #1: 2,5-dichloroterephthalic acid With water; sodium carbonate for 1h; Heating / reflux; Stage #2: With water; trans-N,N'-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine; copper(I) bromide at 80℃; for 20h; Stage #3: With hydrogenchloride In water at 25℃; Product distribution / selectivity;	94%

: 13731-82-3
2,5-dibromoterephtalic acid

A: 636-94-2
2-hydroxyterephthalic acid

B: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 2,5-dibromoterephtalic acid With sodium carbonate In water for 1h; Heating / reflux; Stage #2: With water; 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione; copper(I) bromide at 80℃; for 30h; Stage #3: With hydrogenchloride In water at 25℃;	A n/a B 92%

: 5870-38-2
diethyl 2,5-(dihydroxy)terephthalate

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With water; sodium hydroxide at 80℃; for 20h;	87%
With alkali
With sodium hydroxide In water at 80℃; for 5h; Inert atmosphere;

: 106-42-3
para-xylene

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dihydrogen peroxide; trifluoroacetic acid In ethanol at 90℃; for 10h; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent;	80.6%
With dihydrogen peroxide In ethanol at 70℃; for 10h; Temperature;

: 590-29-4
potassium formate

: 123-31-9
hydroquinone

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: potassium formate; hydroquinone With potassium carbonate at 200℃; for 6h; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In water	66%

: 64-18-6
formic acid

: 124-38-9
carbon dioxide

: 584-08-7
potassium carbonate

: 123-31-9
hydroquinone

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: formic acid; carbon dioxide; potassium carbonate; hydroquinone at 210℃; for 6h; Inert atmosphere; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In water for 1h;	52.5%

...Expand

: 64-18-6
formic acid

: 123-31-9
hydroquinone

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With carbon dioxide; potassium carbonate at 210℃; for 6h;	52%

: 64-18-6
formic acid

: 124-38-9
carbon dioxide

: 123-31-9
hydroquinone

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: formic acid With potassium carbonate at 210℃; for 0.5h; Inert atmosphere; Stage #2: carbon dioxide; hydroquinone at 210℃; for 6h; Inert atmosphere;	42%

...Expand

: 615-90-7
2,5-dimethylhydroquinone

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Reaktion ueber mehrere Stufen;

: 2217-60-9
thymohydroquinone

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 2,5-diacetoxy-4-methyl-benzoic acid

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With permanganate(VII) ion; magnesium sulfate at 85℃; man verseift das Reaktionsprodukt mit Salzsaeure;

: 28784-75-0
2,5-diacetoxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium carbonate

: 123-31-9
hydroquinone

KHCO3: KHCO3

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 260 - 270℃;

: 124-38-9
carbon dioxide

: 123-31-9
hydroquinone

K2CO3: K2CO3

A: 490-79-9
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid.

B: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 220℃;

...Expand

: 123-31-9
hydroquinone

KHCO3: KHCO3

A: 490-79-9
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid.

B: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 200℃;

...Expand

: 15719-64-9, 15719-76-3, 97762-63-5
methylammonium carbonate

: 123-31-9
hydroquinone

: 56-81-5
glycerol

potassium dicarbonate: potassium dicarbonate

A: 490-79-9
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid.

B: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 180℃;

...Expand

: 787-07-5
diethyl 1,4-cyclohexanedione-2,5-dicarboxylate

air: air

alkali: alkali

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

...Expand

: 787-07-5
diethyl 1,4-cyclohexanedione-2,5-dicarboxylate

: 10026-13-8, 874483-75-7
phosphorus pentachloride

A: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

B: 2,5-dichloro-cyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Zersetzung der entstandenen Chloride mit Wasser;

...Expand

: 124-38-9
carbon dioxide

: 123-31-9
hydroquinone

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With potassium carbonate at 220℃; under 29420.3 Torr;
With potassium hydrogencarbonate; glycerol at 160 - 170℃;

: 463-79-6
carbonic-acid

dipotassium salt of hydroquinone: dipotassium salt of hydroquinone

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
unter Druck;

disodium-salt of/the/ 2.5-dibromo-terephthalic acid: disodium-salt of/the/ 2.5-dibromo-terephthalic acid

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With water; sodium acetate; copper

: 123-31-9
hydroquinone

potassium bi carbonate: potassium bi carbonate

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 260 - 270℃; im Einschlussrohr;

succinylosuccinic acid ester: succinylosuccinic acid ester

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With air

: 343923-79-5
2,5-diacetoxy-terephthalic acid diethyl ester

diluted NaOH-solution: diluted NaOH-solution

A: 64-17-5
ethanol

B: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

C: 64-19-7
acetic acid

...Expand

: 123-31-9
hydroquinone

K2CO3: K2CO3

A: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

B hydroquinonemonocarboxylic acid: hydroquinonemonocarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With potassium hydrogencarbonate; glycerol; sodium sulfite at 210℃;

...Expand

: 7647-01-0
hydrogenchloride

: 2,5‐Dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzdihydroxamic acid

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 2,5-diacetoxy-4-methyl-benzoic acid

: 7487-88-9
magnesium sulfate

permanganate: permanganate

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
folgende Verseifung mit Salzsaeure;

...Expand

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: C8H4O6(2-)*2Li(1+)*4H2O

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With lithium carbonate In water at 24℃; for 18h;	100%

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: C8H4O6(2-)*2Na(1+)*4H2O

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With HNaO*(x)H2O In water at 24℃; for 18h;	100%

: 64-17-5
ethanol

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 5870-38-2
diethyl 2,5-(dihydroxy)terephthalate

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid at 84℃; for 18h;	97%
With sulfuric acid for 8h; Reflux;	95%
With sulfuric acid at 80℃; Inert atmosphere;	92%

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: cobalt(II) nitrate

: Co2(2,5-dihydroxybenzenedicarboxylic acid)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid; cobalt(II) nitrate With 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid; sodium acetate In ethanol; water at 75℃; for 2h; pH=7; Stage #2: In water at 80℃; for 6h; Reagent/catalyst; Further stages;	95%
In ethanol; water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 24h;

: barium(II) nitrate

: 127-19-5
N,N-dimethyl acetamide

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: Ba(2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate)(N,N-dimethylacetamide)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In water at 120℃; for 20h; pH=7.5; Autoclave;	93%

...Expand

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: C8H4O6(2-)*2Na(1+)*2H2O

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With water; sodium hydroxide In ethanol	93%

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 7786-30-3
magnesium chloride

: iron(II) chloride

: Fe0.1Mg1.9(2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In methanol; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 16h;	93%

...Expand

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: Gd(3+)*3NO3(1-)*2.9H2O

: 68-12-2, 33513-42-7
N,N-dimethyl-formamide

: {[Gd2(2,5-dihydroxyterephthalato)3(N,N-dimethylformamide)4]*2(N,N-dimethylformamide)}n

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With carbon dioxide; dibutylammonium dibutylcarbamate In n-heptane at 20℃; for 730.5h; Reagent/catalyst;	93%

...Expand

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 7732-18-5
water

: 6018-89-9
nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate

: Ni2(2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
for 1h; Reflux;	91.6%

...Expand

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: Mg2(2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With magnesium(II) nitrate hexahydrate In ethanol; water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 125℃; for 20h;	91%
Stage #1: 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid With magnesium(II) nitrate hexahydrate In ethanol; water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide Sonication; Stage #2: In ethanol; water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 8h; Time; Temperature; Further stages;	68%
With magnesium(II) nitrate hexahydrate In ethanol; water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 12h; Inert atmosphere;

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 68-12-2, 33513-42-7
N,N-dimethyl-formamide

: iron(II) chloride

: Fe2(2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenecarboxylate)*4(N,N-dimethylformamide)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In methanol; N,N-dimethyl-formamide heating a mixt. of FeCl2, ligand, DMF and methanol to 393 K, stirring for 18 h; filtration, washing ppt. with DMF; elem. anal.;	91%

...Expand

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 121-90-4
m-nitrobenzoic acid chloride

: 338447-36-2
2,5-bis(m-nitrobenzoyloxy)terephthalic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid; m-nitrobenzoic acid chloride With pyridine In acetone at 50℃; for 2h; Heating / reflux; Stage #2: In water for 2h; Heating / reflux;	90.6%

: manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate

: cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: C8H2O6(4-)*0.57Co(2+)*0.43Mn(2+)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In ethanol; water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 135℃; for 24h; Autoclave;	90%

...Expand

: 288-88-0
1,2,4-Triazole

: zinc(II) nitrate hexahydrate

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 2Zn(2+)*2C2H2N3(1-)*C8H4O6(2-)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In methanol; N,N-dimethyl acetamide; water at 90℃; High pressure; Sealed tube;	90%

...Expand

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 26239-59-8
2,5-dihydroxyterephthaloyl chloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With [2,2]bipyridinyl; thionyl chloride at 80℃; for 2h; Temperature; Sonication;	90%

: zinc(II) nitrate hexahydrate

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: [(zinc)2(2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)(H2O)]*0.5H2O

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 158℃; for 72h; Autoclave; High pressure;	89%

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: (3S,4S)-N3,N4-bis(((1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidine-3,4-dicarboxamide hydrochloride

: (3S,3’S,4S,4’S)-1,1’-(2,5-dihydroxy-terephthaloyl)bis(N3,N4-bis((1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)pyrrolidine-3,4-dicarboxamide)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With benzotriazol-1-yloxyl-tris-(pyrrolidino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate; N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 23℃; for 18h;	89%

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: Gd(3+)*3NO3(1-)*5.5H2O

: 68-12-2, 33513-42-7
N,N-dimethyl-formamide

: {[Gd2(2,5-dihydroxyterephthalato)3(N,N-dimethylformamide)4]*2(N,N-dimethylformamide)}n

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 90℃; for 48h; Sealed tube;	88.4%

...Expand

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: Gd(3+)*3NO3(1-)*4.1H2O

: {[Gd2(2,5-dihydroxyterephthalato)(2,5-dioxidoterephthalato)(H2O)5]*2H2O}n

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In water at 160℃; for 24h; Autoclave; High pressure;	88.2%

: calcium(II) nitrate tetrahydrate

: 127-19-5
N,N-dimethyl acetamide

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: Ca(2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate)(N,N-dimethylacetamide)2

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In water at 120℃; for 20h; pH=7.5; Autoclave;	88%

...Expand

: europium (III) nitrate * 4 water

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 68-12-2, 33513-42-7
N,N-dimethyl-formamide

: 3C8H4O6(2-)*2Eu(3+)*6C3H7NO

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 90℃; for 48h;	88%

...Expand

: zinc(II) nitrate hexahydrate

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: Zn2(2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With NaOH In tetrahydrofuran; water High Pressure; the acid and Zn-salt were dissolved in THF, NaOH soln. and water with stirring, the mixt. was sealed in Teflon autoclave and heated in an oven at 110°C for 3 days; filtered;	87%
Stage #1: zinc(II) nitrate hexahydrate; 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid In ethanol; N,N-dimethyl-formamide Sonication; Stage #2: In ethanol; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 14h; Further stages;	64%
In ethanol; water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 24h;

: 67-56-1
methanol

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 5870-37-1
2,5-Dihydroxybenzol-1,4-dicarbonsaeure-dimethylester

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In water for 10h; Reflux;	87%
With hydrogenchloride In water for 10h; Reflux;	87%
With boron trifluoride diethyl etherate for 8h; Reflux;

: 872-50-4
1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: 16674-78-5
magnesium(II) acetate tetrahydrate

: Mg2(2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate)2(μ-H2O)(N-methylpyrrolidone)4

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In water at 120℃; for 20h; pH=7.5; Autoclave;	87%

...Expand

: 610-92-4
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid

: dilithium (2,5-dilithium-oxy)-terephthalate

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With lithium methanolate In methanol at 20℃; for 40h;	87%

2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalic acid Chemical Properties

IUPAC Name: 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid
Empirical Formula: C₈H₆O₆
Molecular Weight: 198.1296g/mol
EINECS: 210-239-4
Structure of 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylicacid, 2,5-dihydroxy- (CAS NO.610-92-4):

Index of Refraction: 1.717
Molar Refractivity: 43.87 cm³
Molar Volume: 111.3 cm³
Polarizability: 17.39×10^-24cm³
Surface Tension: 111.1 dyne/cm
Density: 1.779 g/cm³
Flash Point: 269.6 °C
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 80.79 kJ/mol
Melting Point: >300 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point: 498.9 °C at 760 mmHg
Vapour Pressure: 8.99E-11 mmHg at 25°C
Canonical SMILES: C1=C(C(=CC(=C1O)C(=O)O)O)C(=O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C8H6O6/c9-5-1-3(7(11)12)6(10)2-4(5)8(13)14/h1-2,9-10H,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)
InChIKey: OYFRNYNHAZOYNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalic acid Safety Profile

Hazard Codes: Irritant Xi
Risk Statements: 36/37/38
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
Safety Statements: 26-37/39
S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S37/39:Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection.
WGK Germany: 3

2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalic acid Specification

1,4-Benzenedicarboxylicacid, 2,5-dihydroxy- , its cas register number is 610-92-4. It also can be called AI3-17877 ; 2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalic acid . 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylicacid, 2,5-dihydroxy- (CAS NO.610-92-4) is orritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. So you should wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection.

Product Name

2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalic acid

Synthetic route

2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalic acid Chemical Properties

2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalic acid Safety Profile

2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalic acid Specification

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