Stearic Acid supplier | CasNO.57-11-4

Name
Stearic acid
EINECS 266-928-5
CAS No. 57-11-4
Article Data306
CAS DataBase
Density 0.84
Solubility 0.1-1 g/100 mL at 23 ºC
Melting Point 67-72°C(lit.)
Formula C18H36O2
Boiling Point 361°C(lit.)
Molecular Weight 284.483
Flash Point >230°F
Transport Information
Appearance White solid with a mild odor
Safety
Risk Codes F:Flammable;

Molecular Structure

Hazard Symbols R11:; R36/37/38:;

Synonyms Stearic acid;n-octadecanoic acid;naa173;groco58;groco59;groco55;groco54;C18;pd185;NAA180;steraic acid;kam1000;

PSA 37.30000

LogP 6.33250

Synthetic route

112-80-1
cis-Octadecenoic acid

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With hydrogen; palladium In ethyl acetate at 25℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 12h; 100%

With hydrogen; palladium in polystyrene In tetrahydrofuran at 25℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 12h; 100%

With hydrogen; 5%-palladium/activated carbon In ethyl acetate under 2585.81 Torr; for 6h; 100%

65598-00-7
1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)octadecan

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With potassium fluoride; jones reagent In acetone at 0℃; for 2h; 100%

1,5-bis(perfluorooctyl)-3-methylpentan-3-yl octadecanoate

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With trifluoroacetic acid for 15h; Product distribution; 100%

463-40-1
(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9-12,15-trienoic acid

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With hydrogen In methanol at 20℃; for 5h; 99.4%

Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: KOH; butyl alcohol / Zusatz von Wasser und weiteres kurzes Erwaermen des Reaktionsgemisches
2: PtO2; glacial acetic acid / 2206.5 Torr / Hydrogenation
View Scheme

177481-70-8
Sb(C6H5)4(OOC(CH2)16CH3)

A

19638-17-6, 16894-68-1
tetraphenylantimony(V) chloride

B

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With aq. HCl A 99%
B n/a

50530-12-6
10-bromodecanoic acid

38841-98-4
n-octylmagnesium chloride

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

Stage #1: 10-bromodecanoic acid With 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; tert-butylmagnesium chloride In tetrahydrofuran at -78℃; for 0.166667h; Inert atmosphere;
Stage #2: n-octylmagnesium chloride With buta-1,3-diene; nickel dichloride In tetrahydrofuran under 760.051 Torr; for 1h; Inert atmosphere; Cooling with ice; 97%

112-61-8
Methyl stearate

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With sodium hydroxide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide for 0.75h; Ambient temperature; 96%

With water; indium (III) iodide; silica gel for 0.533333h; Hydrolysis; Irradiation; 90%

With potassium hydroxide In methanol at 35℃; for 1h; 73%

60-33-3
linoleic acid

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With hydrogen; Rhodium chloride tri(triphenylphosphine-meta-trisulfonate) In water for 18h; Ambient temperature; 95%

With selenium at 300℃;

With platinum(IV) oxide; acetic acid under 2206.5 Torr; Hydrogenation;

hoher Wasserstoffdruck.Hydrogenation;

With palladium/alumina; hydrogen In methanol at 80℃; under 15001.5 Torr; Catalytic behavior; Kinetics; Reagent/catalyst; Autoclave;

555-43-1
glycerol tristearate

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With sodium hydroxide In ethanol for 1h; Reflux; 94%

With Mg-Al hydrotalcite; hydrogen at 325℃; under 21446.5 Torr;

With aluminum oxide; dilauryl thiodipropionate; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenol; Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; magnesium oxide In water at 100 - 130℃; under 5250.53 Torr; for 0.75h; Temperature;

20198-92-9
N-methylstearylamide

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With sodium hydroxide; Glyoxal; copper dichloride Heating; 93%

638-08-4
stearic anhydride

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With carbon monoxide; 1,5-bis-(diphenylphosphino)pentane; acetic anhydride; potassium iodide; iron(II) chloride at 240℃; under 15201 Torr; for 3h; 93%

112-92-5
1-octadecanol

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With benzotriazole*CrO3 In acetone for 5h; Heating; 91%

With benzotriazole*CrO3 In acetone for 5h; Product distribution; Heating; other primary and secondary alcohols (steroids), other solvents and substrate ratios; 91%

With α,α,α-trifluorotoluene; oxygen; Ru*Co(2+)*2OH(1-)*CeO2 at 60℃; for 5h; atmospheric pressure; 78%

18416-28-9, 18485-62-6, 19117-94-3, 53323-97-0
(+/-)-threo-9,10-dibromo-octadecanoic acid

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With sodium tetrahydroborate; nickel dichloride In methanol at 20℃; for 0.25h; 88%

638-66-4
n-Octadecanal

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With dihydrogen peroxide In water at 100℃; for 6h; Catalytic behavior; Green chemistry; 87%

124-26-5
stearamide

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With niobium(V) oxide; water In neat (no solvent) for 20h; Reflux; Inert atmosphere; 86%

112-80-1
cis-Octadecenoic acid

A

629-78-7
hepatdecane

B

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

Pt/Sn/C Product distribution / selectivity; A 85%
B 5.9%

With glycerol In water at 25 - 300℃; under 10351 Torr; Kinetics; Mechanism; Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere; A 24%
B 75%

With 5% platinum on carbon; water at 330℃; for 1.5h; Autoclave; A 9.2%
B 36.1%

With palladium on activated carbon; glycerol In water at 250℃; for 20h; Catalytic behavior;

134838-30-5
Octadecanoic acid 3-cyano-benzyl ester

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With triethylamine In acetonitrile Irradiation; 78%

114119-34-5
methyl 5-thiastearate

A

373-49-9
cis-9-hexadecenoic acid

B

112-80-1
cis-Octadecenoic acid

C

57-10-3
1-hexadecylcarboxylic acid

D

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With Saccharomyces cerevisiae NR2335 In ethanol at 30℃; for 48h; A 62%
B 27%
C 8%
D 3%

...Expand

21634-71-9
Octadecanoic acid pentafluorobenzyl ester

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With triethylamine In acetonitrile Irradiation; 62%

112-76-5
Stearoyl chloride

A

57-11-4
stearic acid

B

19-hydroxy-19-heptadecylheptatriacontane-18,20-dione

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With nickel(II) iodide; SmI2/Sm In various solvent(s) at 25℃; for 2h; Reduction; dimerization; A 57%
B 34%

134838-28-1
Octadecanoic acid 4-cyano-benzyl ester

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With triethylamine In acetonitrile Irradiation; 54%

soybean oil, refined, bleached and deodorized

soybean oil, refined, bleached and deodorized

A
trans fatty acid; mixture of

trans fatty acid; mixture of

B

112-80-1
cis-Octadecenoic acid

C

60-33-3
linoleic acid

D

463-40-1
(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9-12,15-trienoic acid

E

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With hydrogen; mineral malachite at 165℃; under 3102.97 Torr; for 4h; Conversion of starting material; A 16.23%
B 37.82%
C 41.48%
D 2.92%
E 5.39%

...Expand

638-08-4
stearic anhydride

61251-77-2
3-benzoyl-5-fluorouracil

A

57-11-4
stearic acid

B

61251-82-9
3-benzoyl-5-fluoro-1-octadecanoyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With pyridine In 1,4-dioxane; acetone A n/a
B 40%

...Expand

114119-34-5
methyl 5-thiastearate

A

373-49-9
cis-9-hexadecenoic acid

B

112-80-1
cis-Octadecenoic acid

C

methyl 5-thiaoleate

D

57-10-3
1-hexadecylcarboxylic acid

E

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRC2335 In ethanol at 30℃; for 48h; Product distribution; A 38%
B 16%
C 25%
D 6%
E 1%

...Expand

114119-34-5
methyl 5-thiastearate

A

373-49-9
cis-9-hexadecenoic acid

B

methyl 5-thiaoleate

C

57-10-3
1-hexadecylcarboxylic acid

D

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With Saccharomyces cerevisiae NR2335 In ethanol at 30℃; for 48h; Further byproducts given; A 33%
B 31%
C 4%
D n/a

...Expand

112-80-1
cis-Octadecenoic acid

67-63-0
isopropyl alcohol

A

17364-07-7, 22147-34-8, 112-11-8
isopropyl oleate

B

112-10-7
isopropyl stearate

C

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With cobalt at 200℃; for 4h; Reagent/catalyst; A n/a
B n/a
C 23.9%

...Expand

4371-64-6
n-hexadecylmalonic acid

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

at 150 - 170℃; under 3 - 4 Torr; Decarboxylation;

64-17-5
ethanol

17966-25-5
1,2-di-O-stearoyl-rac-3-glycerophosphate

A

17181-54-3
glycerol 2-phosphate, free acid

B

57-03-4, 1509-81-5, 5746-57-6, 17989-41-2
lysophosphatidic acid

C

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

bei Raumtemperatur;

...Expand

593-39-5
Petroselinic acid

57-11-4
stearic acid

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With palladium Hydrogenation;

67-56-1
methanol

57-11-4
stearic acid

112-61-8
Methyl stearate

Conditions

Conditions Yield

Gel-0.5percent DVB at 65 - 67℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 2h; Conversion of starting material; Molecular sieves 3A; Canola oil; 100%

Gel-1percent DVB at 65 - 67℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 2h; Conversion of starting material; Molecular sieves 3A; Canola oil; 100%

Gel-1.5percent DVB at 65 - 67℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 2h; Conversion of starting material; Molecular sieves 3A; Canola oil; 100%

75-77-4
chloro-trimethyl-silane

57-11-4
stearic acid

18748-91-9
octadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With triethylamine In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; Inert atmosphere; 100%

In benzene

In hexane for 5h; Reflux; Inert atmosphere;

17325-85-8
(2S)-3-(benzyloxy)propane-1,2-diol

57-11-4
stearic acid

158932-34-4
1-O-benzyl-2,3-dioctadecanoyl-sn-glycerol

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane for 12h; 100%

With Candida antarctica lipase In neat (no solvent) at 80℃; Enzymatic reaction; 80%

With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In pyridine at 20℃; for 6h; Esterification;

With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In dichloromethane at 20℃;

57-11-4
stearic acid

549528-13-4
C43H46N2O11

483362-51-2
C61H80N2O12

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With benzotriazol-1-ol; N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide 100%

57-11-4
stearic acid

549528-12-3
C47H54N2O11

549528-17-8
C65H88N2O12

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With benzotriazol-1-ol; N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide 100%

57-11-4
stearic acid

549528-11-2
C51H62N2O11

549528-14-5
C69H96N2O12

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With benzotriazol-1-ol; N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide 100%

743477-27-2
2-hydroxy-1,1,2-trimethylpropyl ethylcarbamate

57-11-4
stearic acid

A

19424-29-4
4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one

B

111-61-5
stearic acid ethyl ester

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With tert.-butylnitrite; 3 A molecular sieve In dichloromethane at 105℃; for 12h; A n/a
B 100%

...Expand

phosphoric acid benzyl ester 2,6-bis-benzyloxy-3,4,5-tris-(bis-benzyloxy-phosphoryloxy)-cyclohexyl ester 2,3-dihydroxy-propyl ester

57-11-4
stearic acid

C108H144O22P4

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 12h; 100%

57-11-4
stearic acid

557-05-1
zinc stearate

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With zinc(II) oxide; citric acid In water at 60 - 70℃; for 0.5h; 100%

With zinc(II) oxide; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; citric acid In water at 65 - 75℃; for 1h; 100%

With Tergitol 15-S-7; zinc(II) oxide; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; citric acid In water at 55 - 70℃; for 0.25 - 1h; 99.1%

480439-49-4
[1,2-propanediol]-isobutyl-POSS

57-11-4
stearic acid

1021693-12-8
C70H144O17Si8

Conditions

Conditions Yield

toluene-4-sulfonic acid In toluene for 5h; Heating / reflux; 100%

137-58-6
2-diethylamino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide

57-11-4
stearic acid

1001438-56-7
C14H22N2O*C18H36O2

Conditions

Conditions Yield

for 0.0833333h; Inert atmosphere; Heating; 100%

glucomannan acetate

glucomannan acetate

57-11-4
stearic acid

glucomannan acetate stearate, DS 2.3 (acetyl) and 0.7 (stearoyl)

glucomannan acetate stearate, DS 2.3 (acetyl) and 0.7 (stearoyl)

Conditions

Conditions Yield

Stage #1: stearic acid With trifluoroacetic anhydride at 50℃; for 0.333333h;
Stage #2: glucomannan acetate at 50℃; for 0.5h; Inert atmosphere; 100%

57-11-4
stearic acid

392662-65-6
3,6-dibromothiophene[3,2-b]thiophene

C24H36Br2OS2

Conditions

Conditions Yield

Stage #1: stearic acid With thionyl chloride Reflux; Inert atmosphere; Large scale;
Stage #2: 3,6-dibromothiophene[3,2-b]thiophene With aluminum (III) chloride In dichloromethane at 10 - 15℃; for 1h; Autoclave; Large scale; 100%

C28H41BrO2S3

57-11-4
stearic acid

C46H75BrO3S3

Conditions

Conditions Yield

Stage #1: stearic acid With thionyl chloride Reflux; Large scale;
Stage #2: C28H41BrO2S3 With aluminum (III) chloride In dichloromethane at 10 - 15℃; for 1h; Autoclave; Inert atmosphere; Large scale; 100%

C19H20O6

57-11-4
stearic acid

C37H54O7

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In dichloromethane at 20℃; Inert atmosphere; 100%

copper(II) choride dihydrate

57-11-4
stearic acid

660-60-6, 7617-31-4, 20563-00-2
copper(II) stearate

Conditions

Conditions Yield

Stage #1: stearic acid With sodium hydroxide In water at 90℃; for 1h;
Stage #2: copper(II) choride dihydrate In water for 1h; 100%

manganese(II) chloride dihydrate

57-11-4
stearic acid

3353-05-7
manganese(II) stearate

Conditions

Conditions Yield

Stage #1: stearic acid With sodium hydroxide In water at 90℃; for 1h;
Stage #2: manganese(II) chloride dihydrate In water for 1h; 100%

57-11-4
stearic acid

1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium methylcarbonate

C6H11N2(1+)*C18H37O2(1-)

Conditions

Conditions Yield

In methanol at 40℃; 100%

C84H155N7O11

57-11-4
stearic acid

C102H189N7O12

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With benzotriazol-1-ol; diisopropyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20 - 40℃; 100%

12775-96-1, 15158-11-9, 15721-63-8, 16941-75-6, 17493-86-6, 19498-52-3, 20499-83-6, 20499-84-7, 20499-85-8, 20499-86-9, 20573-10-8, 20573-11-9, 21595-51-7, 21595-52-8, 22206-52-6, 26445-28-3, 28959-95-7, 37362-93-9, 39417-05-5, 54603-16-6, 54603-23-5, 54603-32-6, 54603-40-6, 54603-48-4, 54603-81-5, 54603-89-3, 56316-56-4, 95985-91-4, 122297-32-9, 7440-50-8
copper

57-11-4
stearic acid

660-60-6, 7617-31-4, 20563-00-2
copper(II) stearate

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With ammonium acetate In ethanol; water at 27℃; for 4h; Concentration; Reagent/catalyst; Electrochemical reaction; 99.21%

In neat (no solvent) detected by electron diffraction;;

In toluene reaction does not take place if O2 is excluded;;

57-11-4
stearic acid

N-<2-O-<2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-6-O-diphenylphosphono-4-O-(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-β-D-glucopyranose-3-yl>-D-lactoyl>-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine methyl ester

Octadecanoic acid (2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetylamino-4-{(R)-1-[(S)-1-((R)-1-carbamoyl-3-methoxycarbonyl-propylcarbamoyl)-ethylcarbamoyl]-ethoxy}-6-(diphenoxy-phosphoryloxymethyl)-5-(tetrahydro-pyran-2-yloxy)-tetrahydro-pyran-2-yl ester

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In 1,4-dioxane for 12h; Ambient temperature; 99.1%

109-89-7
diethylamine

57-11-4
stearic acid

7446-68-6
N,N-diethyl-N-n-octadecylamide

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; (bis-(2-methoxyethyl)amino)sulfur trufluoride In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 0.5h; 99%

With Zn-MCM-22 catalyst at 80 - 340℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 6h; Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere; Large scale; 95.7%

Stage #1: stearic acid With triethylamine; methyl chloroformate In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 2h; Cooling with ice;
Stage #2: diethylamine In dichloromethane at 20℃; 71%

at 200 - 250℃;

With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 36h;

57-11-4
stearic acid

112-76-5
Stearoyl chloride

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With thionyl chloride In toluene at 20℃; Reflux; 99%

With phosgene; pentabutyl propyl guanidinium chloride; silica gel In neat (no solvent) at 100 - 120℃; 98%

With phosgene; N,N-dimethyl-formamide In toluene at 50℃; 98.5%

57-11-4
stearic acid

638-66-4
n-Octadecanal

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane dimer; lithium dihydrido borata-bicyclo[3.3.0]nonane In tetrahydrofuran for 1h; Ambient temperature; 99%

With thexylchloroborane-Me2SO4 In dichloromethane for 0.25h; Ambient temperature; 98%

With thexylbromoborane dimethyl sulfide complex In carbon disulfide; dichloromethane at -20 - 20℃; for 1h; 92%

124-68-5
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol

57-11-4
stearic acid

34331-80-1
4,4-dimethyl-2-heptadecyl-2-oxazoline

Conditions

Conditions Yield

With (bis-(2-methoxyethyl)amino)sulfur trufluoride In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 0.5h; 99%

at 170℃; for 0.666667h; Microwave irradiation; Neat (no solvent); open vessel; 73%

With potassium hydroxide 1.) 150 deg C; 2.) 180 deg C; Multistep reaction;

14.1 g (79.7%)

14.1 g (79.7%)

Stearic Acid Specification

Stearic Acid, with the cas number 57-11-4, also called Octadecanoic Acid, one of the most common long-chain fatty acids, found in combined form in natural animal and vegetable fats. Commercial “stearic acid” is a mixture of approximately equal amounts of stearic and palmitic acids and small amounts of oleic acid. It is employed in the manufacture of candles, cosmetics, shaving soaps, lubricants, and pharmaceuticals.Stearic acid is prepared by treating these fats and oils with water at a high pressure and temperature (above 200 °C), leading to the hydrolysis of triglycerides. The resulting mixture is then distilled. Commercial stearic acid is often a mixture of stearic and palmitic acids, although purified stearic acid is available.

Physical properties about Stearic Acid are:
(1)ACD/LogP: 7.83; (2)# of Rule of 5 Violations: 1; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): 7.03; (4)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): 5.24; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 84062.82; (6)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1348.58; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 69237.45; (8)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 1110.74; (9)#H bond acceptors: 2; (10)#H bond donors: 1; (11)#Freely Rotating Bonds: 16; (12)Index of Refraction: 1.456; (13)Molar Refractivity: 87.005 cm3; (14)Molar Volume: 320.283 cm3; (15)Polarizability: 34.491 10-24cm3; (16)Surface Tension: 33.4189987182617 dyne/cm; (17)Density: 0.888 g/cm3; (18)Flash Point: 162.369 °C; (19)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 63.841 kJ/mol; (20)Boiling Point: 359.44 °C at 760 mmHg;

Uses of Stearic Acid:
Generally applications of stearic acid exploit its bifunctional character, with a polar head group that can be attached to metal cations and a nonpolar chain that confers solubility in organic solvents. The combination leads to uses as a surfactant and softening agent. Stearic acid undergoes the typical reactions of saturated carboxylic acids, notably reduction to stearyl alcohol, and esterification with a range of alcohols.

Safety information of Stearic Acid:
When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following: Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection; In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice; Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.

You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)SMILES:O=C(O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC;
(2)Std. InChI:InChI=1S/C18H36O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18(19)20/h2-17H2,1H3,(H,19,20); (3)Std. InChIKey:QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N

The toxicity data of Stearic Acid is as follows:

Organism Test Type Route Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) Effect Source

mouse LD50 intravenous 23mg/kg (23mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 18, Pg. 141, 1961.

rabbit LD50 skin > 5gm/kg (5000mg/kg) Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 17, Pg. 383, 1979.

rat LD50 intravenous 21500ug/kg (21.5mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 18, Pg. 141, 1961.

rat LDLo oral 4640mg/kg (4640mg/kg) Journal of the American College of Toxicology. Vol. 6(3), Pg. 321, 1987.

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Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen; palladium In ethyl acetate at 25℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 12h;	100%
With hydrogen; palladium in polystyrene In tetrahydrofuran at 25℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 12h;	100%
With hydrogen; 5%-palladium/activated carbon In ethyl acetate under 2585.81 Torr; for 6h;	100%

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen In methanol at 20℃; for 5h;	99.4%
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: KOH; butyl alcohol / Zusatz von Wasser und weiteres kurzes Erwaermen des Reaktionsgemisches 2: PtO2; glacial acetic acid / 2206.5 Torr / Hydrogenation View Scheme

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide for 0.75h; Ambient temperature;	96%
With water; indium (III) iodide; silica gel for 0.533333h; Hydrolysis; Irradiation;	90%
With potassium hydroxide In methanol at 35℃; for 1h;	73%

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen; Rhodium chloride tri(triphenylphosphine-meta-trisulfonate) In water for 18h; Ambient temperature;	95%
With selenium at 300℃;
With platinum(IV) oxide; acetic acid under 2206.5 Torr; Hydrogenation;
hoher Wasserstoffdruck.Hydrogenation;
With palladium/alumina; hydrogen In methanol at 80℃; under 15001.5 Torr; Catalytic behavior; Kinetics; Reagent/catalyst; Autoclave;

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In ethanol for 1h; Reflux;	94%
With Mg-Al hydrotalcite; hydrogen at 325℃; under 21446.5 Torr;
With aluminum oxide; dilauryl thiodipropionate; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenol; Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; magnesium oxide In water at 100 - 130℃; under 5250.53 Torr; for 0.75h; Temperature;

Conditions	Yield
With benzotriazole*CrO3 In acetone for 5h; Heating;	91%
With benzotriazole*CrO3 In acetone for 5h; Product distribution; Heating; other primary and secondary alcohols (steroids), other solvents and substrate ratios;	91%
With α,α,α-trifluorotoluene; oxygen; RuCo(2+)2OH(1-)*CeO2 at 60℃; for 5h; atmospheric pressure;	78%

Conditions	Yield
Pt/Sn/C Product distribution / selectivity;	A 85% B 5.9%
With glycerol In water at 25 - 300℃; under 10351 Torr; Kinetics; Mechanism; Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere;	A 24% B 75%
With 5% platinum on carbon; water at 330℃; for 1.5h; Autoclave;	A 9.2% B 36.1%
With palladium on activated carbon; glycerol In water at 250℃; for 20h; Catalytic behavior;

Conditions	Yield
Gel-0.5percent DVB at 65 - 67℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 2h; Conversion of starting material; Molecular sieves 3A; Canola oil;	100%
Gel-1percent DVB at 65 - 67℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 2h; Conversion of starting material; Molecular sieves 3A; Canola oil;	100%
Gel-1.5percent DVB at 65 - 67℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 2h; Conversion of starting material; Molecular sieves 3A; Canola oil;	100%

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; Inert atmosphere;	100%
In benzene
In hexane for 5h; Reflux; Inert atmosphere;

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane for 12h;	100%
With Candida antarctica lipase In neat (no solvent) at 80℃; Enzymatic reaction;	80%
With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In pyridine at 20℃; for 6h; Esterification;
With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In dichloromethane at 20℃;

Conditions	Yield
With zinc(II) oxide; citric acid In water at 60 - 70℃; for 0.5h;	100%
With zinc(II) oxide; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; citric acid In water at 65 - 75℃; for 1h;	100%
With Tergitol 15-S-7; zinc(II) oxide; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; citric acid In water at 55 - 70℃; for 0.25 - 1h;	99.1%

Conditions	Yield
With ammonium acetate In ethanol; water at 27℃; for 4h; Concentration; Reagent/catalyst; Electrochemical reaction;	99.21%
In neat (no solvent) detected by electron diffraction;;
In toluene reaction does not take place if O2 is excluded;;

Conditions	Yield
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; (bis-(2-methoxyethyl)amino)sulfur trufluoride In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 0.5h;	99%
With Zn-MCM-22 catalyst at 80 - 340℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 6h; Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere; Large scale;	95.7%
Stage #1: stearic acid With triethylamine; methyl chloroformate In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 2h; Cooling with ice; Stage #2: diethylamine In dichloromethane at 20℃;	71%
at 200 - 250℃;
With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 36h;

Conditions	Yield
With thionyl chloride In toluene at 20℃; Reflux;	99%
With phosgene; pentabutyl propyl guanidinium chloride; silica gel In neat (no solvent) at 100 - 120℃;	98%
With phosgene; N,N-dimethyl-formamide In toluene at 50℃;	98.5%

Conditions	Yield
With 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane dimer; lithium dihydrido borata-bicyclo[3.3.0]nonane In tetrahydrofuran for 1h; Ambient temperature;	99%
With thexylchloroborane-Me2SO4 In dichloromethane for 0.25h; Ambient temperature;	98%
With thexylbromoborane dimethyl sulfide complex In carbon disulfide; dichloromethane at -20 - 20℃; for 1h;	92%

Conditions	Yield
With (bis-(2-methoxyethyl)amino)sulfur trufluoride In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 0.5h;	99%
at 170℃; for 0.666667h; Microwave irradiation; Neat (no solvent); open vessel;	73%
With potassium hydroxide 1.) 150 deg C; 2.) 180 deg C; Multistep reaction;
	14.1 g (79.7%)
	14.1 g (79.7%)

Organism	Test Type	Route	Reported Dose (Normalized Dose)	Effect	Source
mouse	LD50	intravenous	23mg/kg (23mg/kg)	BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES	Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 18, Pg. 141, 1961.
rabbit	LD50	skin	> 5gm/kg (5000mg/kg)		Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 17, Pg. 383, 1979.
rat	LD50	intravenous	21500ug/kg (21.5mg/kg)	BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES	Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 18, Pg. 141, 1961.
rat	LDLo	oral	4640mg/kg (4640mg/kg)		Journal of the American College of Toxicology. Vol. 6(3), Pg. 321, 1987.

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