Product Name

  • Name

    Atropine

  • EINECS 200-104-8
  • CAS No. 51-55-8
  • Article Data35
  • CAS DataBase
  • Density 1.194 g/cm3
  • Solubility 1.6g/L(18 oC)
  • Melting Point 115-118 °C
  • Formula C17H23NO3
  • Boiling Point 429.804 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Molecular Weight 289.375
  • Flash Point 213.738 °C
  • Transport Information
  • Appearance white crystalline powder
  • Safety 25-45-36-26
  • Risk Codes 26/28-36/37/38-20/21/22
  • Molecular Structure Molecular Structure of 51-55-8 (Atropine)
  • Hazard Symbols VeryT+,HarmfulXn
  • Synonyms 1aH,5aH-Tropan-3a-ol (?à)-tropate (ester) (8CI);Tropine tropate;dl-Hyoscyamine;
  • PSA 49.77000
  • LogP 1.86880

Synthetic route

(1R,3r,5S)-3-tropoyloxytropanium sulfate
55-48-1, 300-40-3, 620-61-1, 1867-24-9, 2472-17-5, 2623-69-0, 14844-27-0, 5908-99-6

(1R,3r,5S)-3-tropoyloxytropanium sulfate

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium hydroxide In water at 5℃; pH=12 - 13; Reagent/catalyst;90%
atropine N-oxide hydrochloride
4574-60-1

atropine N-oxide hydrochloride

A

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

B

Noratropine
16839-98-8

Noratropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: atropine-N-oxide hydrochloride With ferrocene In isopropyl alcohol at 80℃; for 24h;
Stage #2: With sodium hydroxide In chloroform; water; isopropyl alcohol		A 21%
B 59%
3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-propionic acid (1R,3R,5S)-8-methyl-8-oxy-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl ester; compound with phthalic acid

3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-propionic acid (1R,3R,5S)-8-methyl-8-oxy-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl ester; compound with phthalic acid

A

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

B

Noratropine
16839-98-8

Noratropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With iron(II) sulfate In methanol at 20℃; for 6h;A 12%
B 51%
formaldehyd
50-00-0

formaldehyd

NA 181
1690-22-8

NA 181

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sodium methylate In dimethyl sulfoxide at 20℃;50%
With sodium hydroxide In water at 100℃; under 5171.62 Torr; for 0.4h; Temperature; Flow reactor;
Tropic acid
529-64-6

Tropic acid

3-tropanol
120-29-6

3-tropanol

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With water und wiederholtes Eindampfen des entstandenen tropasauren Tropins mit verd.Salzsaeure;
Noratropine
16839-98-8

Noratropine

methyl iodide
74-88-4

methyl iodide

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With methanol
atropa belladonna

atropa belladonna

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
aus Wurzeln;
acetyl-dl-tropic acid-chloride

acetyl-dl-tropic acid-chloride

hydrochloride of tropine

hydrochloride of tropine

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Man laesst das entstandene salzsaure Acetylatropin in waessr.Loesung bei Zimmertemperatur stehen;
Man laesst das entstandene salzsaure Acetylatropin in waessr.Loesung bei Zimmertemperatur stehen;
hyoscyamine

hyoscyamine

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 110 - 120℃;
With sodium hydroxide; ethanol
With sodium hydroxide; ethanol; carbon dioxide at 5℃;
at 120 - 130℃;
With methanol; phenol
Tropic acid
529-64-6

Tropic acid

tropine sulfate

tropine sulfate

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With isopropyl alcohol
α-formyl phenyl acetic acid
59216-85-2

α-formyl phenyl acetic acid

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: sodium methylate / toluene / 5 h / 109 - 115 °C
2: sodium tetrahydroborate; methanol / dichloromethane / 4 h / 0 - 20 °C
View Scheme
α-formyl phenyl acetic acid tropine ester
22226-37-5, 1049970-26-4

α-formyl phenyl acetic acid tropine ester

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With methanol; sodium tetrahydroborate In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; for 4h;100 g
acetonedicarboxylic acid
542-05-2

acetonedicarboxylic acid

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps
1.1: sodium hydrogencarbonate / water / 2 h / 85 - 90 °C
1.2: -5 - 25 °C / pH 7
2.1: hydrogen / water; methanol / 6 h / 60 - 65 °C / 6000.6 - 7500.75 Torr / Inert atmosphere; Autoclave
3.1: sodium methylate / toluene / 5 h / 109 - 115 °C
4.1: sodium tetrahydroborate; methanol / dichloromethane / 4 h / 0 - 20 °C
View Scheme
tropinone
532-24-1

tropinone

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: hydrogen / water; methanol / 6 h / 60 - 65 °C / 6000.6 - 7500.75 Torr / Inert atmosphere; Autoclave
2: sodium methylate / toluene / 5 h / 109 - 115 °C
3: sodium tetrahydroborate; methanol / dichloromethane / 4 h / 0 - 20 °C
View Scheme
3-tropanol
120-29-6

3-tropanol

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: sodium methylate / toluene / 5 h / 109 - 115 °C
2: sodium tetrahydroborate; methanol / dichloromethane / 4 h / 0 - 20 °C
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1.1: dichloromethane / 0.67 h / 35 °C / Large scale
2.1: dichloromethane / 18 h / Reflux
2.2: 24 h / 35 °C
View Scheme
phenylacetic acid
103-82-2

phenylacetic acid

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1.1: titanium tetrachloride / dichloromethane / -5 - 30 °C
1.2: 2 h / -5 - 25 °C
2.1: sodium methylate / toluene / 5 h / 109 - 115 °C
3.1: sodium tetrahydroborate; methanol / dichloromethane / 4 h / 0 - 20 °C
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1: thionyl chloride; N,N-dimethyl-formamide / dichloromethane / 40 °C
2: chloroform / 70 - 85 °C
3: sodium methylate / dimethyl sulfoxide / 20 °C
View Scheme
tropine methanesulfonate

tropine methanesulfonate

3-acetoxy-2-phenyl-propionyl chloride
14510-37-3

3-acetoxy-2-phenyl-propionyl chloride

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: tropine methanesulfonate; 3-acetoxy-2-phenyl-propionyl chloride In dichloromethane for 18h; Reflux;
Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In dichloromethane at 35℃; for 24h;
Tropic acid
529-64-6

Tropic acid

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1.1: N,N-dimethyl-formamide / dichloromethane / 3.5 h / 25 °C / Large scale
1.2: 3 h / 25 °C / Large scale
2.1: dichloromethane / 18 h / Reflux
2.2: 24 h / 35 °C
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1.1: dichloromethane; N,N-dimethyl-formamide / 3.5 h / 25 °C / Large scale
2.1: thionyl chloride / 3 h / 25 °C / Large scale
3.1: hydrogen bromide / dichloromethane / 2 h / 20 °C / Large scale
3.2: 18 h / Reflux; Large scale
3.3: 24 h / 35 °C / Large scale
View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 3 steps
1.1: dmap / dichloromethane / 3.5 h / 25 °C / Large scale
2.1: thionyl chloride / 3 h / 25 °C / Large scale
3.1: hydrogen bromide / dichloromethane / 2 h / 20 °C / Large scale
3.2: 18 h / Reflux; Large scale
3.3: 24 h / 35 °C / Large scale
View Scheme
formaldehyd
50-00-0

formaldehyd

NA 181
1690-22-8

NA 181

A

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

B

(1R,3r,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-phenylpropanoate

(1R,3r,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-phenylpropanoate

C

apoatropine
500-55-0

apoatropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In N,N-dimethyl acetamide Alkaline conditions;
...Expand
benzeneacetic acid methyl ester
101-41-7

benzeneacetic acid methyl ester

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps
1: sodium hydroxide; water / 70 - 85 °C
2: thionyl chloride; N,N-dimethyl-formamide / dichloromethane / 40 °C
3: chloroform / 70 - 85 °C
4: sodium methylate / dimethyl sulfoxide / 20 °C
View Scheme
phenylacetyl chloride
103-80-0

phenylacetyl chloride

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1: chloroform / 70 - 85 °C
2: sodium methylate / dimethyl sulfoxide / 20 °C
View Scheme
α-[(acetyloxy)methyl]benzeneacetic acid
37504-67-9, 131682-38-7, 14510-36-2

α-[(acetyloxy)methyl]benzeneacetic acid

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps
1.1: thionyl chloride / 3 h / 25 °C / Large scale
2.1: hydrogen bromide / dichloromethane / 2 h / 20 °C / Large scale
2.2: 18 h / Reflux; Large scale
2.3: 24 h / 35 °C / Large scale
View Scheme
3-acetoxy-2-phenyl-propionyl chloride
14510-37-3

3-acetoxy-2-phenyl-propionyl chloride

3-tropanol
120-29-6

3-tropanol

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: 3-tropanol With hydrogen bromide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 2h; Large scale;
Stage #2: 3-acetoxy-2-phenyl-propionyl chloride With pyridine In dichloromethane for 18h; Reflux; Large scale;
Stage #3: With hydrogenchloride In dichloromethane; water at 35℃; for 24h; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent; Temperature; Large scale;		3.1 kg
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

Noratropine
16839-98-8

Noratropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With DAP(2+)*2BF4(1-)); oxygen In acetonitrile at 20℃; Irradiation;95%
With oxygen; thiamine diphosphate In dichloromethane for 6h; UV-irradiation;66%
With oxygen; 5,15,10,20-tetraphenylporphyrin In dichloromethane for 5.75h; UV-irradiation;24%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

atropine N-oxide hydrochloride
4574-60-1

atropine N-oxide hydrochloride

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: Atropine With m-CPBA In chloroform at -30 - -20℃;
Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In chloroform; water		95%
Stage #1: Atropine With 3-chloro-benzenecarboperoxoic acid In chloroform at -5 - 0℃;
Stage #2: With sodium hydroxide In chloroform; water; isopropyl alcohol
Stage #3: With hydrogenchloride In chloroform; water; isopropyl alcohol		90%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

atropine hemisulfate

atropine hemisulfate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid In water; acetone at 15 - 50℃; Large scale;95%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

(1R,3r,5S)-3-tropoyloxytropanium sulfate
55-48-1, 300-40-3, 620-61-1, 1867-24-9, 2472-17-5, 2623-69-0, 14844-27-0, 5908-99-6

(1R,3r,5S)-3-tropoyloxytropanium sulfate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With sulfuric acid In acetone90%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

4-(benzyloxy)butanoic acid
10385-30-5

4-(benzyloxy)butanoic acid

4-Benzyloxy-butyric acid 2-((1R,3R,5S)-8-methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxycarbonyl)-2-phenyl-ethyl ester

4-Benzyloxy-butyric acid 2-((1R,3R,5S)-8-methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxycarbonyl)-2-phenyl-ethyl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With dmap; N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide In dichloromethane87%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

O,O’-di{endo-(1S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl-(–)} dithiophosphoric acid

O,O’-di{endo-(1S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl-(–)} dithiophosphoric acid

atropine O,O-di{endo-(1S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl}-(-)-dithiophosphate

atropine O,O-di{endo-(1S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl}-(-)-dithiophosphate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In ethanol at 20℃; for 13h; Inert atmosphere;80%
formaldehyd
50-00-0

formaldehyd

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

(1R,3r,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-phenylpropanoate

(1R,3r,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-phenylpropanoate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With ethanol; sodium ethanolate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 0 - 20℃; for 1.08333h;67%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

toluene-4-sulfonic acid
104-15-4

toluene-4-sulfonic acid

(1R,3r,5S,8r)-8-amino-3-((3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

(1R,3r,5S,8r)-8-amino-3-((3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With iodosylbenzene; ammonium carbamate In acetonitrile at 25℃; for 2h;66%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

trimethylsilyl cyanide
7677-24-9

trimethylsilyl cyanide

8-(cyanomethyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 2-phenyl-3-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]propanoate

8-(cyanomethyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 2-phenyl-3-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]propanoate

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With rose bengal In acetonitrile at 20℃; for 16h; Irradiation;65%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

6-bromo-N-[3-(1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-N,N-dimethylhexane-1-aminium bromide

6-bromo-N-[3-(1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-N,N-dimethylhexane-1-aminium bromide

8-[6-(N-(3-(1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio)hexyl]-3-[(3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy]-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ium dibromide

8-[6-(N-(3-(1,3-dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio)hexyl]-3-[(3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy]-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ium dibromide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In acetonitrile Heating; Sealed tube;60%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

2-phenethyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylisothiouronium salt

2-phenethyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylisothiouronium salt

C25H31NO2S

C25H31NO2S

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-N″-tert-butylguanidine In chloroform at 20℃; for 2h;59%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

apoatropine
500-55-0

apoatropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
Stage #1: Atropine With copper(l) chloride; diisopropyl-carbodiimide at 60℃; for 1h; Sealed tube; Microwave irradiation;
Stage #2: With copper (II)-fluoride In water at 100℃; for 24h; Microwave irradiation;		58%
With sulfuric acid at 20℃; for 2h;86 % Chromat.
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

(6-bromohexyl)dimethyl-[3-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)propyl]ammonium bromide

(6-bromohexyl)dimethyl-[3-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)propyl]ammonium bromide

8-[6-(N-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio)hexyl]-3-[(3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy]-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ium dibromide

8-[6-(N-(3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio)hexyl]-3-[(3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy]-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ium dibromide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In acetonitrile Heating; Sealed tube;48%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

(6-bromohexyl)-trimethylammonium bromide
32765-81-4

(6-bromohexyl)-trimethylammonium bromide

3-[(hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy]-8-methyl-8-[6-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)hexyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ium dibromide

3-[(hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy]-8-methyl-8-[6-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)hexyl]-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ium dibromide

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In acetonitrile Heating; Sealed tube;20%
7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one
93-35-6

7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one

Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

exo-7-(8-methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one

exo-7-(8-methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With triphenylphosphine; diethylazodicarboxylate In 1,4-dioxane at 8 - 65℃; for 20h;13%
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

(+/-)-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-1r,4t-dicarboxylic acid di-tropane-3endo-yl ester
510-25-8, 5878-33-1, 6696-63-5, 23852-32-6

(+/-)-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-1r,4t-dicarboxylic acid di-tropane-3endo-yl ester

Conditions
ConditionsYield
at 120 - 130℃;
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

A

N-formyl-noratropine
119293-48-0

N-formyl-noratropine

B

Noratropine
16839-98-8

Noratropine

Conditions
ConditionsYield
With oxygen; 9,10-Dicyanoanthracene In acetonitrile at 20℃; Irradiation;A 48 % Spectr.
B 52 % Spectr.
With Na[(TAML)Fe(III)]; dihydrogen peroxide In ethanol; water at -40 - -20℃; for 1h; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent; Temperature;A 16 %Spectr.
B 63 %Spectr.
With oxygen In acetonitrile at 60℃; for 7h;
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

p-phenylbenzyl bromide
2567-29-5

p-phenylbenzyl bromide

A

Xenytropiumbromid
511-55-7

Xenytropiumbromid

B

(8r)-8-(4-Biphenylmethyl)-atropiniumbromid

(8r)-8-(4-Biphenylmethyl)-atropiniumbromid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In acetone for 24h; Ambient temperature; Yield given. Yields of byproduct given;
...Expand
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

benzyl bromide
100-39-0

benzyl bromide

A

(8s)-8-benzylatropiniumbromid
102432-87-1

(8s)-8-benzylatropiniumbromid

B

(8r)-8-benzylatropiniumbromid

(8r)-8-benzylatropiniumbromid

Conditions
ConditionsYield
In acetone Ambient temperature;A 92 % Spectr.
B 8 % Spectr.
...Expand
Atropine
51-55-8

Atropine

sulfuric acid
7664-93-9

sulfuric acid

(+/-)-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-1r,4t-dicarboxylic acid di-tropane-3endo-yl ester
510-25-8, 5878-33-1, 6696-63-5, 23852-32-6

(+/-)-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-1r,4t-dicarboxylic acid di-tropane-3endo-yl ester

Atropine History

 Atropine (CAS NO.51-55-8) extracts from the Egyptian henbane were used by Cleopatra in the last century B.C. to dilate her pupils, in the hope that she would appear more alluring. The mydriatic effects of atropine were studied among others by the German chemist Friedrich Ferdinand Runge (1795–1867). In 1831, the pharmacist Mein succeeded the pure crystalline isolation of atropine. Its substance was first synthesized in 1901 by German chemist Richard Willstätter. The mydriatic effects of atropine were studied among others by the German chemist Friedrich Ferdinand Runge (1795–1867).

Atropine Consensus Reports

Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.

Atropine Specification

The Atropine, with the CAS registry number 51-55-8, is also known as beta-Phenyl-gamma-oxypropionsaeure-tropyl-ester. It belongs to the product categories of Pharmaceutical; Alkaloids; Biochemistry; Tropane Alkaloids. Its EINECS registry number is 200-104-8. This chemical's molecular formula is C17H23NO3 and molecular weight is 289.37. Its IUPAC name is called [(1R,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate. This chemical's classification codes are Adjuvants, anesthesia; Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Anti-arrhythmia agents; Anticholinergic; Autonomic Agents; Bronchodilator agents; Cardiovascular Agents; Central Nervous System Agents; Cholinergic Agents; Cholinergic Antagonists; Drug / Therapeutic Agent; Human Data; Muscarinic antagonists; Mutation data; Mydriatics; Neurotransmitter Agents; Parasympatholytics; Peripheral Nervous System Agents; Reproductive Effect; Respiratory System Agents.

Physical properties of Atropine: (1)ACD/LogP: 1.38; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): -2; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): -1; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 1; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 1; (8)#H bond acceptors: 4; (9)#H bond donors: 1; (10)#Freely Rotating Bonds: 6; (11)Index of Refraction: 1.581; (12)Molar Refractivity: 80.788 cm3; (13)Molar Volume: 242.421 cm3; (14)Surface Tension: 50.459 dyne/cm; (15)Density: 1.194 g/cm3; (16)Flash Point: 213.738 °C; (17)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 72.224 kJ/mol; (18)Boiling Point: 429.804 °C at 760 mmHg; (19)Vapour Pressure: 0 mmHg at 25°C.

Preparation: Atropine is a tropane alkaloid extracted from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It is a secondary metabolite of these plants and serves as a drug with a wide variety of effects. Atropine can be synthesized by the reaction of tropine with tropic acid in the presence of hydrochloric acid.

Atropine increases firing of the sinoatrial node (SA) and conduction through the atrioventricular node (AV) of the heart, opposes the actions of the vagus nerve, blocks acetylcholine receptor sites, and decreases bronchial secretions. In general, atropine lowers the parasympathetic activity of all muscles and glands regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system. Topical atropine is used as a cycloplegic, to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex, and as a mydriatic, to dilate the pupils. Injections of atropine are used in the treatment of bradycardia (an extremely low heart rate), asystole and pulseless electrical activity (PEA) in cardiac arrest. Atropine is also useful in treating second-degree heart block Mobitz Type 1 (Wenckebach block), and also third-degree heart block with a high Purkinje or AV-nodal escape rhythm.

When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:
This chemical that at very low levels can cause damage to health. It may cause damage to health. It is harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. In addition, it is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. In case of contact with eyes, you should rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Whenever you will contact it, please wear suitable protective clothing.

You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)Canonical SMILES: CN1C2CCC1CC(C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3
(2)Isomeric SMILES: CN1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1CC(C2)OC(=O)C(CO)C3=CC=CC=C3
(3)InChI: InChI=1S/C17H23NO3/c1-18-13-7-8-14(18)10-15(9-13)21-17(20)16(11-19)12-5-3-2-4-6-12/h2-6,13-16,19H,7-11H2,1H3/t13-,14+,15?,16?
(4)InChIKey: RKUNBYITZUJHSG-PJPHBNEVSA-N

The toxicity data is as follows:

Organism Test Type Route Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) Effect Source
cat LDLo intravenous 70mg/kg (70mg/kg)   "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 483, 1948.
cat LDLo subcutaneous 130mg/kg (130mg/kg)   Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 60, Pg. 1, 1937.
dog LDLo intravenous 50mg/kg (50mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)

BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS

GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING		 Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Vol. 40, Pg. 244, 1939.
dog LDLo unreported 60mg/kg (60mg/kg)   "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 513, 1948.
frog LDLo intramuscular 750mg/kg (750mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT

BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE CONTRACTION OR SPASTICITY)

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA		 Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Vol. 40, Pg. 244, 1939.
frog LDLo subcutaneous 1gm/kg (1000mg/kg)   "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1311, 1935.
guinea pig LD50 intraperitoneal 400mg/kg (400mg/kg)   Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 105, Pg. 166, 1952.
guinea pig LD50 oral 1100mg/kg (1100mg/kg)   Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 105, Pg. 166, 1952.
human TDLo intramuscular 1ug/kg (0.001mg/kg) SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MYDRIASIS (PUPILLARY DILATION): EYE "Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents," National Research Council, 3 vols., Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1982-85Vol. 1, Pg. L1, 1982.
human TDLo oral 33ug/kg (0.033mg/kg) SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: VISUAL FIELD CHANGES: EYE

BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS		 Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. Vol. 22, Pg. 581, 1984/1985.
man LDLo unreported 143ug/kg (0.143mg/kg)   "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948Vol. -, Pg. 482, 1948.
man TDLo intramuscular 175ug/kg (0.175mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: "HALLUCINATIONS, DISTORTED PERCEPTIONS" Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Vol. 32, Pg. 250, 1973.
man TDLo intravenous 14ug/kg (0.014mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: HEADACHE

VASCULAR: BP ELEVATION NOT CHARACTERIZED IN AUTONOMIC SECTION		 Annals of Internal Medicine. Vol. 101, Pg. 720, 1984.
mouse LD50 intradermal 550mg/kg (550mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT

BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA		 Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 59, Pg. 149, 1938.
mouse LD50 intraperitoneal 30mg/kg (30mg/kg)   Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Vol. 31, Pg. 683, 1988.
mouse LD50 intravenous 30mg/kg (30mg/kg)   Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Vol. 28, Pg. 1760, 1985.
mouse LD50 oral 75mg/kg (75mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA

BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA		 Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 59, Pg. 149, 1938.
mouse LD50 subcutaneous 428mg/kg (428mg/kg)   Zhongcaoyao. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Medicine. Vol. 11, Pg. 457, 1980.
rabbit LD50 intradermal 500mg/kg (500mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT

BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA		 Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 59, Pg. 149, 1938.
rabbit LD50 intravenous 50mg/kg (50mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT

BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA		 Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 59, Pg. 149, 1938.
rabbit LD50 oral 600mg/kg (600mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT

BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA		 Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 59, Pg. 149, 1938.
rabbit LDLo intraperitoneal 350ug/kg (0.35mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION

CARDIAC: PULSE RATE		 Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 60, Pg. 14, 1937.
rabbit LDLo subcutaneous 500mg/kg (500mg/kg)   "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1311, 1935.
rat LD50 intramuscular 920mg/kg (920mg/kg)   Drug and Chemical Toxicology. Vol. 1, Pg. 355, 1978.
rat LD50 intraperitoneal 280mg/kg (280mg/kg)   Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 105, Pg. 166, 1952.
rat LD50 intravenous 73mg/kg (73mg/kg)   Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Vol. 76, Pg. 1282, 1946.
rat LD50 oral 500mg/kg (500mg/kg)   Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 155, Pg. 393, 1965.
rat LD50 subcutaneous 250mg/kg (250mg/kg)   Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 68, Pg. 339, 1942.

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