Direct infusion MSn and MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry were applied for characterizing thearubigins isolated from black tea. Components of the so-called SII fraction of thearubigins obtained through caffeine precipitation were studied exclusively. New components with molecular weights higher than 1...

The determination of the depletion pattern of catechins in black tea processing is important in achieving optimum tea quality. This study investigated catechins (unoxidised di- and trihydroxylated) depletion patterns in relation to theaflavin and thearubigin formation. It was during the process ...

The chemistry underlying the changes which occur during tea leaf fermentation is reviewed and used as a basis for proposals for the structure of thearubigins, the major pigments of black teas.

Three different methods from the literature for the fractionation and isolation of thearubigins in black tea (Roberts’ fractionation via liquid–liquid extraction, caffeine precipitation and high-speed countercurrent chromatography) were compared. The fractions were analyzed by both normal phas...

The theaflavin-to-thearubigin ratio (TF/TR) is an important parameter for evaluating the degree of fermentation and quality characteristics of Congou black tea. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, one of the most promising techniques for evaluating large-scale tea processing quality, in associatio...

Thearubigins are the most abundant group of phenolic pigments found in black tea accounting for an estimated 60% of the solids in a typical black tea infusion. Fifty years ago the term thearubigins was first introduced and up to now the chemical nature of the thearubigins remains largely unresol...

Thearubigins are the most abundant pigments found in black tea, comprising polyphenolic oxidation products, whose composition and chemical nature have remained unresolved until recently. In the course of studying the mechanism of thearubigin formation from green tea flavan-3-ols, a model system,...

Thearubigins (TRs) are the major components of black tea, which are formed during the fermentation reactions. Although anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of TRs have been reported, the prepared TRs according to the literature methods still contain many floating peaks. It is puzzling wh...

The application of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) is often limited by agglomeration and low loading. Here, we presented a facile phase change material (PCM) -based sol-gel strategy for the fabrication of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Rosin was used as the PCM in the sol-gel process and the carbon-bas...

In this work, the effect of hygrothermal ageing on the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of a carbon fiber-reinforced rosin-based epoxy resin bio-composite was experimentally investigated. The specimens were manufactured from carbon/rosin epoxy 2.2 twill weave prepreg material. The ageing tests...

Conventional urea is lost due to its high water solubility and microbial transformations which results low agriculture productivity and environmental pollution. To solve these problems, rosin adduct-coated controlled release urea fertilizer (RA-CRUF) was prepared. Properties of rosin adduct with...

Background“Rosin tech” is an emerging solventless method consisting in applying moderate heat and constant pressure on marijuana flowers to prepare marijuana concentrates referred to as “rosin.” This paper explores rosin concentrate-related Twitter data to describe tweet content and analyze ...

A series of rosin stabilized nanoparticles were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. The hydrophobicity of dehydroabietic acid (DA) from rosin or from DA derived acrylic monomer (AEDA) was employed to stabilize the monomer miniemulsions. Then miniemulsion polymerizations of these monomer min...

The incorporation of polymers derived from renewable resources is more desirable in the preparation of wood composites due to its sustainability. As biomass feedstock, rosin has been used for the preparation of wood-based composite material. However, the high leachability and non-reactive with w...

Biodegradable potato starch/PVA samples containing different concentrations of rosin were prepared by melt-mixing in order to study the enhancement of the properties of native starch films. Glycerol and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are commonly used as plasticizers of starch. Their relatively low mol...

The antibacterial features of natural pine/spruce rosin are well established, yet the functionality in various thermoplastics has not been surveyed. This work focuses on the processing of industrial grade purified rosin mixed with polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polylactic acid (PLA), pol...

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRosin, an exudate of conifer trees such as Pinus masscnlana (Pinaceae), has been used to treat psoriasis for nearly two thousand years in China despite its so far undefined pharmacology. Unfortunately, the rosin intoxication is noted from time to time, but the water...

Citronellyl- and solanesyl-based dolichol linked oligosaccharide (DLO) analogs were synthesized and tested along with undecaprenyl compounds for their ability to inhibit the release of [3H]OSP from [3H]DLO by mammalian liver DLO diphosphatase activity. Solanesyl (C45) and undecaprenyl (C55) comp...

Understanding the topographical orientation of dolichol monophosphate (Dol-P) in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is of utmost importance for studying the regulation of asparagine-linked protein glycosylation in eukaryotic cells. This was practically impossible due to the nonavaila...

Further studies on the structure of the microsomal endogenous substance which accepts labeled glucose from dolichol monophosphate glucose are reported. In order to obtain sufficient amounts of substance for measuring bound dolichol monophosphate, a concentrate was prepared by treating liver with...