Studies with rodent models have shown that, in addition to the nicotinic cholinergic system, nicotine withdrawal involves adaptations of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), endogenous opiate, neuropeptide FF, neuropeptide Y, and still other synaptic tr...

Cigarette smoking is currently the leading cause of preventable deaths and disability throughout the world, being responsible for about five million premature deaths/year. Unfortunately, fewer than 10% of tobacco users who try to stop smoking actually manage to do so. The main addictive agent de...

Preclinical studies suggest the involvement of various subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC). We studied for the...

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are generalist pollinators that forage for nectar and pollen of a very large variety of plant species, exposing them to a diverse range of secondary metabolites produced as chemical defences against herbivory. Honey bees can tolerate high levels of many of these toxic...

Stress seems to be an important risk factor in the beginning and continuing stages of cigarette tobacco smoking in humans. Considering that both of nicotine administration and stress exposure affect cognitive functions including memory formation, the aim of the present study was 1) to evaluate t...

SummaryNicotine, the main chemical constituent of tobacco, is highly detrimental to the developing fetus by increasing the risk of gestational complications and organ disorders. The effects of nicotine on human embryonic development and related mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. Here...

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has long been used in nanoparticle-based drug or vaccine delivery platforms. In this study, nano-nicotine vaccines (NanoNicVac) were PEGylated to different degrees to investigate the impact of PEG on the immunological efficacy of the vaccine. Hybrid nanoparticles with v...

Nicotine, as the main component of tobacco, plays a key role in various behaviors of both humans and animals including reward, addiction, learning and memory, anxiety, pain as well as body weight and temperature. Nicotine exerts its function by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR...

Living polymerization of achiral phenyl isocyanide using a simply prepared chiral π-allylnickel complex as initiator was found to proceed in helix-sense-selective manner. The polymerization of achiral phenyl isocyanide, 4-isocyanobenzoyl-2-aminoisobutyric acid hexyl ester (1a) produced opticall...

:The introduction of the Hodge conjugation is one of the most significant contributions of Grassmann’s formalism. First of all, the indispensable research of such an operation starts from the following question, a question that any somewhat curious science student has posed himself or herself a...

H-9 is a synthetic isoquinoline sulfonamide that inhibits both cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases and, to a lesser extent, protein kinase C, by acting at the catalytic sites of the enzymes …

The reaction of the benzothiazolate-capped triosmium clusters Os3(CO)9(μ3,η2-C7H3NSR)(μ-H) (1a, R = H; 1b, R = Me) with PPh3 proceeds readily at room temperature with a μ3,η2 → μ,η2 hapticity change in the benzothiazolate heterocycle to furnish Os3(CO)9(PPh3)(μ,η2-C7H3NSR)(μ-H) (2a, R...

RERV-H was first identified in human tissues and mistaken for a human exogenous retrovirus. However, the integration sites carried by this virus showed that it was instead a European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) endogenous retrovirus. The first clones retrieved from European rabbit samples rep...

This work describes the reactions of [(μ-H)M3(CO)9(CCSiMe3)] (M = Ru, Os) with phosphines L (L = PMe3, PMe2Ph, PMePh2, and PPh3) which produce zwitterionic compounds [(μ-H)M3(CO)9(HCCPR3)] where cleavage of the CSi and formation of CP bonds occurs. In the case of the ruthenium derivatives, CO ...

Cyclic voltammetry, digital simulation and quantum chemical methods were applied to study the electroreduction mechanism of vicinal hydroxyl derivatives using 9H,9’H-bifluorene- 9,9’-diol as an example. Unlike the case of fluoren-9-ol, dissociation of the C9–C9’ bond rather than the C9–OH o...

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a form of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) caused by dysregulated complement activation. Clinically, aHUS is effectively treated by an anti-C5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) but whether the disease is mediated by the C5a receptor (C5aR) or C5b-9 pathway, o...

SummaryBackgroundStroke thrombolysis with alteplase is currently recommended 0–4·5 h after stroke onset. We aimed to determine whether perfusion imaging can identify patients with salvageable brain tissue with symptoms 4·5 h or more from stroke onset or with symptoms on waking who might benef...

Palladium catalyzed domino C-H functionalization reaction of arylaldehyde with dihaloarene has been developed to access 9-flourenone molecules. Bidentate ligand assisted strategy, single step reaction, high yield and excellent functional group tolerance make this method concise and effective for...

tert-Butyl (3R,5S)-6-chloro-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate ((3R,5S)-CDHH) is the key intermediate for synthesis of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. Carbonyl reductase exhibits excellent activity toward tert-butyl (S)-6-chloro-5-hydroxy-3-oxohexanoate ((S)-CHOH) to synthesize (3R,5S)-CDHH. In this study, a...

Previously, polysaccharides with hypoglycemic effects from G. frondosa were reported by us. To explore compounds against α-glucosidase and human tumor cells, three extractive fractions (GF-1–GF-3) were prepared from G. frondosa ethanol extraction (GF) by chromatographic column. Rather than GF-...