The study covers the liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) of the type 2 ternary systems (water + valeric acid + aromatic solvent) measured at T = (298.2 ± 0.1) K and P = (101.3 ± 0.7) kPa. The extraction efficiency of valeric acid by the aromatic solvents is better for xylene and chlorobenzene as ...

Odoriferous compounds and free fatty acids can be mildly removed from vegetable oils using organic liquid solvents. Liquid-liquid equilibrium data are presented for extraction of odoriferous compounds (hexanal, heptanal, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, and caprylic acid) from refined s...

Valeric biofuels are renewable and environmental friendly fuels whose production avoids the competition with the food industry for edible oils since its route of production uses lignocellulose of residue from crops as raw material. After the reaction steps several purification operations are nec...

A Pt/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) for aqueous-phase hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) to valeric acid (VA). 5Pt/HZSM-5 produced with 5 cycles of Pt ALD was identified as a highly active and stable bifunctional catalyst, and a high yield of VA (91.4%) was achie...

Valeric biofuels stand for a promising energy source, since they are generated from the refining process of crop residues, which converts lignocellulose into the valeric biofuel (or valeric ester). In order to achieve a high grade valeric ester, several washing steps are required and eventually ...

This work reports phase equilibrium measurements for binary, ternary, quaternary and five components mixtures of CO2, ethanol, valeric acid, water and ethyl valerate at high pressures. Experiments were carried out using a high-pressure variable-volume view cell with operating temperatures rangin...

Valeriana wallichii DC., Caprifoliaceae, is used to have anti-ulcer, anti-spasmodic, anti-epileptic, memory enhancer, anti-anxiety, anti-rheumatic, sedative, anti-asthmatic and diuretic activities. V. wallichii is reported to contain valpotriates, valeric acid, valerenic acid, valechlorine, vale...

The molecular structure and properties of 5-(dimethylphenylammonium)-valeric acid bromide hydrate have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) calculations, FTIR and Raman spectra. The molecules are linked through the water molecules into centrosymmetric dimers arranged int...

Back-extraction is one of the techniques often used in pharmaceutical production processes to remove either products or excess chemical reactants, dissolved in a liquid organic solvent, such as valeric acid (VA) chloride salt compound, which has to be separated from the toluene (T) phase system ...

The motive of this work is to study the molecular interaction between valeric acid (VA) molecules as analyte and silver nanoparticles as substrates. Therefore, a new approach was established for an efficient detection of VA using the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. Silver nan...

The cooperative effect of the camphor imine ligand (YNC10H14O) in the cyclization of 5-hexyn-1-ol and 4-pentyn-1-ol promoted by complexes trans-[MCl2(YNC10H14O)2] (M = Pd, Y = NH2, NHMe, NMe2, OH, Ph; Pt, Y = NH2, NHMe, NMe2) is established from a direct relation between the constants calculated...

1-Hexen-5-one, (I), reacts with Pt2X4(C2H4)2 to give cis-PtX2[CH2CHCH2CH2C(O)Me], which shows no tendency towards ligand isomerisation. Isomerisation of (I) occurs no reaction with sodium chloropalladate(II), and is accompanied by the formation of π-allyl complex, {[MeCHCHCHC(O)Me]PdCl}2,...

Codimerization of allylacetone with different vinyl ketones catalyzed by [RhCl (C2H4)2]2 - SnCl2 leads to the formation of 1,5- and 1,7-diketones.

Mercury(II) sensors based on two bis-thioureas: 4,4′-bis-(3-phenylthiourea)diphenyl methane (L1) and 2-2-[10-[(E)-2-(aminocarbothioyl)hydrazono]-1,4-dihydroxy-9(10H)-anthracenyliden]-1 hydrazinecarbothioamide (L2) were prepared and studied. The best response characteristics were obtained using ...

Polycations have been widely used as efficient drug and gene carriers. However, the further application of polycation nanocarriers is greatly hampered by the serious cytotoxicity caused by exposed positive charges. Despite recent progress towards the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acids, there ...

A homologous series of n-alkyl stearates CnS (C17H35COO(CH2)n-1CH3, n = 8, 10, 12, 14) was synthesized as solid-liquid phase change materials (PCMs) by esterification of stearic acid with 1-octanol, 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol and 1-tetradecanol. Molecular structures of CnS were confirmed by fourier ...

ABSTRACTThe aims of the present study were to formulate stable onion phases of the biodegradable surfactant PEG‐8 Distearate (PEG8DS) and evaluate application of the onion phases in encapsulating sumatriptan succinate, a BCS class III potent antimigraine drug. Drug loaded and placebo onion phas...

Groups comprising 35 male and 35 female rats were maintained for two years on diets containing O (control groups), 0.1, 0.5, and 15% DnHA. Growth was retarded in the groups given the 15% diets, otherwise all groups grew normally. Food consumptions were normal.Urine analyses and hematologic studi...

Embedment in diethylene glycol distearate (DGD) was shown to be highly desirable and versatile for retinal cytochemical studies, including in situ hybridization, immuno- and lectin cytochemistry. This method allows for preservation of fine tissue detail as well as good reaction sensitivity. It a...

We investigate the magnetophotocurrent (MPC) response in tetracene-based diodes and attribute the initially decreasing and then increasing MPC responses to the feature of the singlet fission (SF) reaction (a magnetic field sensitive process) as modulated by the applied magnetic field in the tetr...