N-Heterocyclic carbenes of indazole (indazol-3-ylidenes), which are substituted at N1 with aromatics were generated in situ from the corresponding indazolium salts. At 60 °C the indazol-3-ylidenes underwent a ring-opening under N–N bond cleavage to intermediary N-(6-methylenecyclohexa-2,4-dien...

A method for the regioselective synthesis of 3-unsubstituted 1-alkyl-1H-indazoles, starting with 2-halobenzonitriles and N-alkylhydrazines, is described. The two-step reaction pathway proceeds through the intermediacy of 1-alkyl-3-amino-1H-indazoles followed by reductive deamination.

A series of variously substituted 2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)indazoles 3a–j and 2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazole 6 were prepared by the regiospecific heteroalkylation of corresponding indazoles 1a–k with 2-chloro-4,5-dihydroimidazole (2). Their affinity to imida...

Efficient [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of arynes and CF3CHN2 were developed in the presence of fluoride in conjunction with TEBAC. Structurally distinct 3-trifluoromethyl-1H-indazoles were obtained in good to high yields with moderate regioselectivities. This experimentally simple process fac...

The development of a preparative route to a series of novel 4-(1H-indol-6-yl)-1H-indazole compounds as potential PDK1 inhibitors is described. The synthetic strategy centres on the late-stage Suzuki cross-coupling of N-unprotected indazole and indole fragments. The use of a monoligated palladium...

A facile three-step synthetic route toward 1,3-diaryl-1H-benzo[g]indazoles 1a–1n starting with 3,4-dimethoxy-2-allylbenzaldehyde (6) in modest total yield is described. The facile route was carried by aldol condensation of aldehyde 6 with aryl methyl ketones 5a–5d in alkaline MeOH at reflux, K...

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)-mediated kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation is identified as an important immune effector pathway in the tumor cells to escape a potentially effective immune response. IDO1 is an attractive target for anticancer therapy and the discovery of IDO1 inh...

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a potent mitogenic agent. Its synthesis is increased in transplant patients during rejection episodes, which is the suspected etiology of accelerated transplant arteriosclerosis. Angiopeptin, a stable analogue of somatostatin, inhibits arterial myointimal thickening in a...

BackgroundGraft vessel disease, the major limitation for long-term success after heart transplantation, is triggered by injury to the graft vessel endothelium, resulting in the expression of adhesion molecules, the migration of leukocytes into the graft, and the release of growth factors. Angiop...

The effect of angiopeptin, a stable analogue of somatostatin, was studied on basal and interleukin-1-β-induced endothelial cell adhesiveness for mononuclear cells, and compared to the effect of somatostatin. Angiopeptin and somatostatin decreased basal and interleukin-1-β-induced endothelial c...

Purpose: Coronary artery restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty occurs in more than 40% of patients. Angiopeptin, a stable synthetic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, attenuates accelerated coronary artery myointimal thickening in rabbit cardiac allografts and myointimal thic...

Accelerated coronary atherosclerosis of cardiac allograft occurs in 30–40% of cardiac transplant patients and remains an unsolved clinical problem. The etiology is unknown and anti-platelet drugs are used without conspicuous success. The inhibitory effect of the octapeptide, angiopeptin on coro...

Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle is an early and major event in the formation of an atherosclerotic lesion. Here we report for the first time the inhibitory effects on myointimal proliferation of the rat carotid artery by a synthetic peptide, angiopeptin, and its closely related congener,...

The bioavailability of angiopeptin in rabbits after intranasal administration of three aqueous formulations has been studied. In each case a total amount of 750 μg angiopeptin was administered. A simple aqueous solution and an aqueous solution supplemented with 5% glycofurol 75 (GF) resulted in...

Both enantiomers of two new chiral modifiers (naphthyl- and anthryl-[1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-pyridinyl] methanols, 4H and 5H) are obtained for the first time from inexpensive d-mannitol in 10 easy steps. Until now erythro-4H is the only synthetic chiral modifier available under both enantiomeric form...

The selective mono-N-methylation of anilines using methanol as an alkylating reagent was achieved with high efficiency under the catalysis of well-defined rhenium complexes bearing tridentate diphosphinoamino ligands and in the presence of a base. The reaction proceeds well for a large scope of ...

Steady state absorption, fluorescence and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy have been used for studying the photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer reaction in (E)-3-(4-methylamino-phenyl)-acrylic acid ethyl ester (MAPAEE). The title molecule shows dual emission due to high energy loca...

A new fluorophore, (2Z)-3-[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl]-2-(2-methylphenyl) prop-2-ene-nitrile (DPM), was synthesized by knoevenagel condensation of 4-(dimethylamino) benzaldehyde and 2-methylbenzyl cyanide in ethanol using NaOH as base. The electronic absorption and emission characteristic of DPM w...

Acid extracts of the brains of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata, and the coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, were screened for enkephalin-related products and dynorphin-related products. Following Sephadex G-50 column chromatography, a peak of Met-enkephalin-related immunoreactivity was detect...

Enkephalinergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM), an important presympathetic region in the brainstem, are activated by 30 min of low frequency (2 Hz) electroacupuncture (EA) at acupoints P5–P6, which overlie the median nerves. To more closely model the clinical application o...