Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is a mechanism protecting photosynthetic organisms against excessive irradiation. Here, we analyze a unique NPQ mechanism in the alga Chromera velia, a recently discovered close relative of apicomplexan parasites. NPQ in C. velia is enabled by an operative and f...
Zeaxanthin, an important component in protection against overexcitation in higher plants, is formed from violaxanthin by the enzyme violaxanthin de-epoxidase. We have investigated factors that may control the maximal degree of conversion in the violaxanthin cycle. The conversion of violaxanthin ...
The geometrical isomers of carotenoids are now attracting considerable interest, due in part to the fact that they are known to behave differently in terms of susceptibility to oxidation, vitamin A activity and bioavailability. The study of such isomers has been facilitated by the development of...
Violaxanthin–chlorophyll a binding protein (VCP) is the major light harvesting complex (LHC) of the Heterokonta Nannochloropsis gaditana. It binds chlorophyll a, violaxanthin and vaucheriaxanthin, the last in the form of 19′ deca/octanoate esters. Photosynthetic apparatus of algae belonging to...
Violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) activates the dissipation of excessive light energy as heat and protects the photosynthetic apparatus from photo-damage. Here we quantitatively analyzed the expression characteristics of cucumber violaxanthin de-epoxidase (CsVDE) promoter using the 1983 bp upstrea...
The effect of violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, two main carotenoids of the xanthophyll cycle, on molecular organization of LHCII, the principal photosynthetic antenna complex of plants, was studied in a model system based on lipid-protein membranes, by means of analysis of 77 K chlorophyll a fluores...
Photosynthetic eukaryotes whose cells harbor plastids originating from secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga include species of major ecological and economic importance. Since utilization of solar energy relies on the efficient light-harvesting, one of the critical factors for the success of the...
There have been few reports on the mechanism(s) of action of oxethazaine (OXZ) despite its potent local anesthetic action. Generally, local anesthetics (LAs) not only inhibit Na+ channels but also affect various membrane functions. In the present study, using PC12 cells as a nerve cell model, th...
Oxethazaine, an N-substituted bis-acetamide, represents a new series of powerful local anesthetics exceeding by far the potency of either cocaine, procaine, lidocaine, or dibucaine.Acute toxicity studies establish that it is not a primary skin irritant; neither does it cause corneal damage nor c...
SummaryA series of 103 patients undergoing radiation therapy for carcinoma of the larynx, oesophagus, breast, bronchus and the reticuloses, on whom a clinical trial of aludrox and oxethazaine was performed in an attempt to relieve their symptoms of radiation-induced sore throat and oesophagitis,...
Oral administration of the local anesthetic oxethazaine HCl was used to modify eating and drinking patterns in the rat. The addition of the oxethazaine HCl to the diet (0.5 gm/100 gm diet) markedly reduced food intake. Similarly, administration of the drug by gatric inturbation (gavage) also red...
Clomipramine (CLM) and oxethazaine (OXZ) were previously reported to increase portal pressure by contracting portal vein branches (PVBs) in isolated perfused rat liver. In the present study, to characterize the contractile mechanisms, the effects of Y27632, HA1077, staurosporine, papaverine, SKF...
We previously reported that, in isolated perfused rat livers in a constant flow system, oxethazaine (OXZ) rapidly increased portal pressure (PP) accompanied by inhibition of oxygen uptake and the subsequent metabolic effects. In this study, hemodynamic changes were studied by using an indicator ...
Oxethazaine is the most potent local anaesthetic in use. It is claimed to be 2000 times more potent than lignocaine and 500 times more potent than cocaine as assessed in rabbits eyes. Currently, oxethazaine is used in an antacid preparation for the topical relief of pain in conditions such as hi...
.Alteration of hepatic microcirculation and its effects on hepatic metabolism were examined using oxethazaine (OXZ). The infusion of OXZ into isolated perfused livers rapidly increased the portal perfusion pressure (PP) and inhibited oxygen (O2) uptake, which was followed by a decrease in tissue...
The urine specimens of numerous athletes were found to be positive for mephentermine both in-competition and out-of-competition in Taiwan. The donor of one specimen claimed she had only taken Mucaine® (contains oxethazaine) for relieving symptomatic peptic ulcer and gastritis. Oxethazaine is not...
Oxethazaine, an over-the-counter (OTC) antacid, is a precursor of phentermine, which is the most abused anorectic by methamphetamine users in Korea. However, no studies have investigated the abuse potential of oxethazaine. Therefore, we examined and compared the consequences of oxethazaine and p...
The rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides (AA, family Liliaceae), which contains furostanol and spirostanol saponins, is a typical herbal medicine that improves learning and memory in rats and inhibits inflammation. In a preliminary study, timosaponin AIII, one of AA main constituents, was metabo...
Based on the fact that timosaponin A-III (TA-III) exhibits potent cytotoxic effects and has been considered as a potential anti-tumor agent, a range of novel sarsasapogenin derivatives 1, 2a–2g, 3, 4, 5, 6a–6g have been synthesized by a simple and facile synthetic route. The in vitro cytotoxic...
Sarsasapogenin, a natural compound from Chinese medical herb Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge., has recently received a great deal of attention due to its various bioactivities. In this study, an easy and applicable liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of sar...
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