This chapter describes the reactions involved in and factors affecting the extent of nonenzymic browning (the Maillard reaction) and its relationship to foods; the mechanism of formation of acrylamide in foods; and the definition and types of caramel color and flavors.

This study demonstrates the caramel as a hydrophilic additive material towards improving the performance and antifouling properties of Polysulfone (PSF) membranes. It is found that the functional molecules that formed upon the caramelization of sugar enhance the performance of the PSF membranes ...

Low-cost and nontoxic fluorescent reagents are important for on-site analysis performed by non-professionals. In this work, a cheap and widely available food additive, caramel was used as an effective fluorescence reagent for the sensitive detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP), 2,4-dinitrophen...

Caramel color has been used in foods and beverages for over 150 years and is globally regulated as a color additive. The four distinct classes of caramel color (Plain Caramel, Sulfite Caramel, Ammonia Caramel, and Sulfite Ammonia Caramel) are well characterized and each have specifications that ...

A practice in wine vinegar production is the addition of grape-must caramel to correct and unify the final colour of different batches. Although current legislation allows it, the effect in vinegars’ quality has not been studied yet and it can become a fraud when it is used to simulate the effe...

Proteolytic activation of the IL-33 precursor, full-length interleukin-33 (FLIL33), at multiple sites within the sensor domain (aa 95–109) yields several functionally mature (MIL33) forms. Unlike nuclear FLIL33, intracellular MIL33 occurs in the cytoplasm, is secreted from source cells, and exe...

BackgroundThe emergence of IL-33 as a key molecular player in the development and propagation of widespread inflammatory diseases, including asthma and atopic dermatitis, has established the need for effective IL-33–neutralizing biologics.

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is closely related to the regulation of immunological cells, and its receptor ST2 is a member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor family. Inflammatory responses play critical roles in neuronal damage and white matter injury (WMI) post intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In th...

Immune cells infiltrating the psoriatic skin secrete high amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17, TNF-α, IL-21 and IL-36 resulting in chronic inflammation. However, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms have not been fully understood. We report here elevation of IL-33 expression in p...

Three low-level subsidiary color impurities (A, B, and C) often present in batches of the color additive D&C Red No. 33 (R33, Acid Red 33, Colour Index No. 17200) were separated from a portion of R33 by spiral high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The separation involved use of a ve...

Herbal medicine was proven to be very effective in the management of diabetes. This effect was mainly attributed to the polyphenols, a class of secondary-metabolite phytochemical found in the matrix of different fruits and vegetables. This chapter was elaborated to investigate the hypoglycemic e...

Red blood cell (RBC) products are produced primarily from whole blood units but may also be collected by apheresis. RBC transfusions are indicated for the treatment of decreased oxygen-carrying capacity in the setting of anemia and decreased RBC mass. RBC products can be modified, such as by leu...

A water soluble dye, the Red 33, used in cosmetic industry was immobilized into mesoporous silica by a one-step method which consists in the introduction of the dye molecules in the precursor medium of the mesoporous silica i.e. containing surfactant and silica source.A high loading rate of 25 w...

Sensitivity and Uncertainty analysis (S&U) based on the Classical Perturbation Theory (CPT) requires the solution of the adjoint flux. The adjoint flux is used as a weight function for sensitivity calculation. In the previous study, the MOC-based adjoint flux in the 2-D/1-D transport solver was ...

The notion of d-ideal has been abstracted by Martínez and Zenk from Riesz spaces to algebraic frames. They introduced the d-nucleus and d-elements. In this paper we extend several characterizations of d-elements that parallel similar characterizations of d-ideals in rings. For instance, calling...

3-D blood vector flow imaging is of great value in understanding and detecting cardiovascular diseases. Currently, 3-D ultrasound vector flow imaging requires 2-D matrix probes, which are expensive and suffer from suboptimal image quality. Our recent study proposed an interpolation algorithm to ...

Three-dimensional (3-D) aircraft tracking using two-dimensional (2-D) radar measurements is a common task in air traffic control (ATC) systems. In this paper, a new algorithm using a 2-D ATC radar, called HPEKF with probabilistic data association (HP-PDA-EKF), is proposed for aircraft tracking w...

Vitamin D plays an essential role in regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism and maintaining a healthy mineralized skeleton. Humans obtain vitamin D from sunlight exposure, dietary foods and supplements. There are two forms of vitamin D: vitamin D3 and vitamin D2. Vitamin D3 is synthesized e...

Let X be a variety with an action by an algebraic group G. In this paper we discuss various properties of G-equivariant D-modules on X, such as the decompositions of their global sections as representations of G (when G is reductive), and descriptions of the categories that they form. When G act...

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the influence of vitamin D–binding protein (DBP) gene polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolites before and after vitamin D supplementation.