1,4-Dioxane supplier | CasNO.123-91-1

Name
1,4-Dioxane
EINECS 204-661-8
CAS No. 123-91-1
Article Data152
CAS DataBase
Density 0.995 g/cm³
Solubility soluble in water
Melting Point 12 °C
Formula C₄H₈O₂
Boiling Point 102.9 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Weight 88.1063
Flash Point 12.2 °C
Transport Information UN 1993 3/PG 2
Appearance colourless liquid
Safety 9-16-36/37-46-45-53-7-62-26-24/25-23
Risk Codes 45-46-11-36/38-48/23/24/25-65-66-40-36/37-19-41-37/38-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-48/20/22-38-22-36/37/38
Molecular Structure
Hazard Symbols F,Xn
Synonyms Diethylene dioxide;p-Dioxan;NCI-C03689;1, 4-Diethylene dioxide;Silane,[1,3-dioxan-5-ylidenebis(methyleneoxy)]- bis-;Diossano-1,4;Dioxane;Dioxan-1, 4;Diethylene ether;1,4-Dioxan;Di (ethylene oxide);Tetrahydro-p-dioxin;Dioxaan-1,4;Tetrahydro-1,4-dioxin;Glycol ethylene ether;Dioxanne;Dioksan;Dioxane-1,4;Diokan;Dioxan;p-dioxane;Dioxyethylene ether;
PSA 18.46000
LogP 0.03320

Synthetic route

: C4H10O2*C10H15(1-)*C24BF20(1-)*Si(2+)

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 110-71-4
1,2-dimethoxyethane

C: 115-10-6
Dimethyl ether

D: Cp*Si(1+)* B(C6F5)4(1-)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In dichloromethane-d2 for 120h;	A n/a B n/a C n/a D 100%

...Expand

: 75-21-8
oxirane

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With BPA; triethylamine In water; isopropyl alcohol at 55 - 65℃; under 1500.15 Torr; for 8h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Solvent; Inert atmosphere; Autoclave; Large scale;	99%
With sulfuric acid; water
beim Erwaermen einer Suspension von Bleicherde in Dioxan;

: 107-21-1
ethylene glycol

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With copper(ll) bromide at 175℃; for 5h; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube;	99%
Nafion-H at 135℃; for 5h;	50%
With aluminium phosphate aluminium oxide catalyst Product distribution; Heating;	2%

: 111-46-6
diethylene glycol

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With copper(ll) bromide at 175℃; for 10h; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube;	99%
With hafnium tetrakis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) In neat (no solvent) at 180℃; for 4.5h;	85%
With sulfuric acid durch kontinuierliche Destillation;

: 112-27-6
2,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)]bisethanol

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With copper(ll) bromide at 175℃; for 6h; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube;	99%
With Sulfate; zirconium(IV) oxide at 180℃; for 1.41667h; cyclodehydration;

: 105-53-3
diethyl malonate

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 1068-90-2
2-acetylaminomalonic acid diethyl ester

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With acetic acid; sodium nitrite In water	A n/a B 86%

: 111-96-6
diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 115-10-6
Dimethyl ether

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With iron(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate In hexane at 100℃; for 48h; Glovebox;	A 75% B n/a

: 107-21-1
ethylene glycol

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 107-20-0
2-chloroethanal

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With tetrachloromethane; bis(acetylacetonate)oxovanadium at 100℃; for 1h;	A 20% B 72%

: 107-21-1
ethylene glycol

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 111-46-6
diethylene glycol

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid In neat (no solvent) at 150℃; under 1147.61 Torr; for 24h; Time; Autoclave;	A 9% B 65%
With Cs-P-Si at 300℃; under 75006 Torr;

: 107-21-1
ethylene glycol

A: 497-26-7
2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane

B: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

C: 75-07-0
acetaldehyde

D: 111-46-6
diethylene glycol

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With tungsten trioxide on silica; hydrogen In water at 340℃; Temperature; Inert atmosphere;	A 38.8% B 28.7% C 44.9% D n/a

...Expand

: 75-21-8
oxirane

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 371-62-0
2-fluoroethanol

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen fluoride under 380 Torr; Product distribution;	A 37% B 5%

: 111-44-4
3-oxa-1,5-dichloropentane

: 74-89-5
methylamine

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 109-02-4
4-methyl-morpholine

C: 109-93-3
1,1'-oxybisethene

D: 110-75-8
2-chloroetyl vinyl ether

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide In water at 90 - 95℃; for 4h;	A 12% B 25% C 20% D 7%

...Expand

: 75-21-8
oxirane

: 116-15-4
perfluoropropylene

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 94412-88-1
2-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl)-1,4-dioxane

C: 60249-67-4
3,3,4,5,5,5-hexafluoropentan-2-one

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Irradiation;	A 16% B 5% C 0.8%

...Expand

: 75-21-8
oxirane

: 368-39-8
triethyloxonium fluoroborate

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With diethyl ether

: 2650-64-8
Cbz-L-Gln

: 86961-92-4
N-L-asparaginyl-S-benzyl-L-cysteine methyl ester

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 2658-34-6
S-benzyl-N-[N2-(N2-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutaminyl)-L-asparaginyl]-L-cysteine methyl ester

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With tetrahydrofuran; chloroformic acid ethyl ester; triethylamine Reagens 4: H2O;

...Expand

: 64-17-5
ethanol

: 75-04-7
ethylamine

: 88-73-3
2-Chloronitrobenzene

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 57℃; Rate constant;

...Expand

: 107-21-1
ethylene glycol

: 5435-44-9, 22243-66-9
(E)-3-Ureido-but-2-enoic acid ethyl ester

A: 497-26-7
2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane

B: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

C: 75-07-0
acetaldehyde

...Expand

: 107-21-1
ethylene glycol

: 106-93-4
ethylene dibromide

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 160℃; im Rohr;

: 107-21-1
ethylene glycol

: 106-93-4
ethylene dibromide

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 57641-67-5
2-(2′-(2″-bromoethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol

C: 57641-66-4
2-(2-bromoethoxy)ethan-1-ol

D: 540-51-2
2-bromoethanol

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 160℃;

...Expand

: 628-89-7
2-(2-Chloroethoxy)ethanol

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With potassium hydroxide; water
With sodium hydroxide; water

: 50-00-0
formaldehyd

: 10160-87-9
Propiolaldehyde diethyl acetal

: 109-89-7
diethylamine

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 5799-78-0
4-diethylamino-but-2-ynal diethyl acetal

...Expand

: 111-44-4
3-oxa-1,5-dichloropentane

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydroxide at 200 - 220℃;
With sodium hydroxide; water at 200℃;
With copper(II) oxide

: 76738-28-8
(R)-((R)-2-dichloromethyl-4,5-dihydro-oxazol-4-yl)-(4-nitro-phenyl)-methanol

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 119324-39-9
(1R,2R)-2-amino-3-dichloroacetoxy-1-(4-nitro-phenyl)-propan-1-ol; hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; diethyl ether; water

: 1191-95-3
cyclobutanone

: C4H9O2(1+)*C2H3N

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: C4H7O(1+)*C2H3N

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 24.9℃; Thermodynamic data; ΔG0;

...Expand

: 1191-95-3
cyclobutanone

: 71815-79-7
[1,4]Dioxan-1-ium

A: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

B: 64725-63-9
cyclobutanone; protonated form

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 24.9℃; Thermodynamic data; ΔG0;

...Expand

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: dioxane-trichloroborane adduct

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With boron trichloride at -78 - 0℃;	100%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 7440-02-0
nickel

: 95-50-1
1,2-dichloro-benzene

: 3217-47-8
2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroterephthalaldehyde

: 92339-07-6
2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-1,4-benzenedimethanol

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
	100%

...Expand

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 247922-29-8
3-(3-bromo-2-methyl-6-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazole

: 33641-15-5
1-methyl-5-hydroxypyrazole

: 210631-68-8
topramezone

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With carbon monoxide; potassium carbonate; triethylamine; triphenylphosphine; palladium(II) chloride In water	100%
With hydrogenchloride; potassium carbonate; triethylamine; bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride In water

...Expand

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 3060-46-6
N-methyl-L-leucine

: 35026-08-5
N-methyl-L-leucine methyl ester

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In hydrogenchloride; methanol	100%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 135109-96-5
methyl 3-(1-adamantyl)-4-vinylbenzoate

: 135077-86-0
methyl 3-(1-adamantyl)-4-ethylbenzoate

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
palladium on charcoal	100%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 72287-26-4, 95464-05-4
(1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II) dichloride

: trifluoromethanesulfonic acid 3-(2-cyanothien-3-yl)phenyl ester

dichloro[1,1'-bis(diphenylphiosphino)ferrocene]palladium: dichloro[1,1'-bis(diphenylphiosphino)ferrocene]palladium

: 73183-34-3
bis(pinacol)diborane

: 3-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]thiophene-2-carbonitrile

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With potassium acetate	100%

...Expand

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 205255-23-8
4-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinazolinyl)-N-(4-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-1-piperazinecarboxamide

: N-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinazolinyl)-1-piperazinecarboxamide

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With lithium hydroxide monohydrate In water	100%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 1888-87-5
isobutylaluminum dichloride

: isobutyl aluminum dichloride 1,4-dioxane complex

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
slow addn. of Al-compound under Ar to an excess of dioxane at 0°C with stirring; evapn. in vacuo; elem. anal.;	100%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: (CO)5WC[OB(C4H9)2]CH3(OC4H8)

: (CO)5WC[OB(C4H9)2]CH3(O2C4H8)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In pentane at -40°C; evapn., drying at -40.degreeC under high vac. for 20 h, elem. anal.;	100%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 1191-15-7
diisobutylaluminium hydride

: (2,6-Me2C6H3)N(SiMe3)(Si(OH)3)

: [(2,6-Me2C6H3)N(SiMe3)SiO3Al*dioxane]4

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In 1,4-dioxane; hexane byproducts: H2, i-C4H10; N2-atmosphere; refluxing (6 h); evapn. (vac.), drying (vac., 24 h). recrystn. (hexane / dioxane, 5°C); elem. anal.;	100%

...Expand

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 1191-15-7
diisobutylaluminium hydride

: (2,4,6-Me3C6H2)N(SiMe3)(Si(OH)3)

: [(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)N(SiMe3)SiO3Al*dioxane]4

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In 1,4-dioxane; hexane byproducts: H2, i-C4H10; N2-atmosphere; refluxing (6 h); evapn. (vac.), drying (vac., 24 h). recrystn. (hexane / dioxane, 5°C); elem. anal.;	100%

...Expand

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 132280-88-7
isopropylindium dichloride

: [((CH3)2CH)InCl2(C4H8O2)]

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In 1,4-dioxane Ar atm.;; layering (n-pentane, -30°C);	100%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 14074-80-7
zinc tetraphenylporphyrin

: 1045486-95-0
Bis(κO-dioxane)-(α,β,γ,δ-tetraphenylporphinato)zinc(II)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 20℃; for 240h;	100%
In 1,4-dioxane Zn complex dissolved in excess of 1,4-dioxane; soln. heated up to boiling temp.; excess of the solvent removed after cooling by flow of air;

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 1241914-71-5
(4-fluorophenyl)(4-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)quinazolin-2-yl)methanone

: (R,S)-(4-fluorophenyl)(4-(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-ylamino)quinazolin-2-yl)methanol hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In methanol; water; 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran; acetonitrile	100%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: C4H8O2*O3Se

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sulfur dioxide; selenium trioxide at 20℃; Schlenk technique; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere;	100%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

A: t-butyl 4-({5-[4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-7-methoxy-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-1-yl}methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

B: ethyl 1-[7-methoxy-1-(piperidin-4-ylmethyl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In tetrahydrofuran; ethyl acetate	A n/a B 100%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: C39H54GeO6Si2

: C27H26GeO6*0.65C4H8O2

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: C39H54GeO6Si2 With tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃; for 0.5h; Stage #2: 1,4-dioxane	100%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 874-14-6
1,3-dimethyluracil

: 124851-80-5
1,3-dimethyl-5-(2,5-dioxanyl)uracil

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dibenzoyl peroxide for 4h; Heating;	99%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 370879-71-3
t-butyl cis-5-(5-hydroxy-3-pyridinyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]-pyrrole-2(1H)-carboxylate

: cis-2-(5-hydroxy-3-pyridinyl)octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole dihydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In methanol; ethyl acetate	99%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 195714-54-6
3-(2-(N-tert-butoxycarbonylamino)ethoxy)-5-phenylisoxazole

: 195713-66-7
3-(2-Aminoethoxy)-5-phenylisoxazole hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride	99%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

Pd2 (dba)3: Pd2 (dba)3

: 623-12-1
4-chloromethoxybenzene

: 2132-80-1
4,4'-Dimethoxybiphenyl

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With cesium fluoride In hexane; ethyl acetate	99%

...Expand

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: (R)-(-)-2-diphenylphosphinyl-2'-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-7,7'-dimethyl-1,1'-binaphthyl

: (R)-(+)-2-diphenylphosphinyl-2'-hydroxy-7,7'-dimethyl-1,1'-binaphthyl

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; sodium hydroxide In methanol	99%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 623-12-1
4-chloromethoxybenzene

: 2132-80-1
4,4'-Dimethoxybiphenyl

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With cesium fluoride; tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) In hexane; ethyl acetate	99%
With cesium fluoride; tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) In hexane; ethyl acetate	99%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: nickel dichloride

: nickel chloride dioxane adduct

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With trimethyl orthoformate at 65℃; for 3.5h; Heating / reflux;	99%

: 123-91-1
1,4-dioxane

: 42531-46-4
{tetra-n-butylammonium}{osmiumnitrido(chloro)4}

: 136656-57-0
tetra-n-butylammonium octachlorodinitrido(1,4-dioxane)diosmate(VI)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In acetone addn. of dioxane to soln. of Os-complex, stirring; evapn. to dryness under argon, elem. anal.;	99%

1,4-Dioxane Consensus Reports

NTP 10th Report on Carcinogens. IARC Cancer Review: Group 2B IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 7 , 1987,p. 201.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.: ) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) ; Animal Sufficient Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 11 , 1976,p. 247.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.: ) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) . NCI Carcinogenesis Bioassay (oral); Clear Evidence: mouse, rat NCITR* National Cancer Institute Carcinogenesis Technical Report Series. (Bethesda, MD 20014) No. NCI-CG-TR-80 ,1978. . EPA Genetic Toxicology Program. Glycol ether compounds are on the Community Right-To-Know List. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.

1,4-Dioxane Standards and Recommendations

OSHA PEL: TWA 25 ppm (skin)
ACGIH TLV: TWA 20 ppm (skin); Confirmed Animal Carcinogen with Unknown Revelance to Humans
DFG MAK: 20 ppm (73 mg/m³); Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen
NIOSH REL: CL (Dioxane) 1 ppm/30M
DOT Classification: 3; Label: Flammable Liquid

1,4-Dioxane Analytical Methods

For occupational chemical analysis use NIOSH: Dioxane (CAS NO.123-91-1), 1602.

1,4-Dioxane Specification

The CAS registry number of Dioxane is 123-91-1. The IUPAC name is 1,4-dioxane. Its EINECS registry number is 204-661-8. In addition, the molecular formula is C₄H₈O₂and the molecular weight is 88.11. It is a kind of colourless liquid and belongs to the classes of Pharmaceutical Intermediates; Organics; API Intermediates; Dioxanes; Dioxanes & Dioxolanes; DioxanesCosmetics; Allergens; Alpha Sort; D; DAlphabetic; DIO - DIZEnvironmental Standards.

Physical properties about this chemical are: (1)ACD/LogP: -0.27; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): -0.27; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): -0.27; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 16.97; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 16.97; (8)#H bond acceptors: 2; (9)Polar Surface Area: 18.46 Å²; (10)Index of Refraction: 1.404; (11)Molar Refractivity: 21.65 cm³; (12)Molar Volume: 88.5 cm³; (13)Polarizability: 8.58 ×10^-24cm³; (14)Surface Tension: 31.2 dyne/cm; (15)Density: 0.995 g/cm³; (16)Flash Point: 12.2 °C; (17)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 34.16 kJ/mol; (18)Boiling Point: 102.9 °C at 760 mmHg; (19)Vapour Pressure: 38.2 mmHg at 25°C.

Preparation of Dioxane: it is produced by the acid-catalysed dehydration of diethylene glycol, which in turn arises from the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide. And it can be prepared by ethane-1,2-diol. This reaction will need catalyst Nafion-H. The reaction time is 5 hours at reaction temperature of 135 °C. The yield is about 50%.

Dioxane can be prepared by ethane-1,2-diol

Uses of Dioxane: it is an occasionally used solvent for a variety of practical applications as well as in the laboratory. And it can be used to get [1,4]dioxan-2-one. This reaction will need reagents Me₃SiONO₂ and CrO₃ and solvent acetonitrile. The reaction time is 24 hours at ambient temperature. The yield is about 53%.

Dioxane can be used to get [1,4]dioxan-2-one

When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:
It is highly flammable and irritating to eyes, skin and respiratory system. And it has danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. It may cause cancer, heritable genetic damage and lung damage if swallowed. Avoid exposure - obtain special instruction before use. During using it, wear suitable protective clothing and gloves and avoid contact with skin and eyes. You should not breathe gas/fumes/vapor/spray (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer). If in case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. If swallowed, do not induce vomiting, you should seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label. Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a well-ventilated place. When store it, keep away from sources of ignition-No smoking.

You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)SMILES: O1CCOCC1
(2)InChI: InChI=1/C4H8O2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h1-4H2
(3)InChIKey: RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYAN

The toxicity data is as follows:

Organism	Test Type	Route	Reported Dose (Normalized Dose)	Effect	Source
cat	LCLo	inhalation	44gm/m³/7H (44000mg/m³)	BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA	"Beitrag zur Toxikologischen Wirkung Technischer Losungsmittel, Dissertation," Klimmer, O., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1937Vol. -, Pg. -, 1937.
cat	LD50	oral	2gm/kg (2000mg/kg)		Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 21, Pg. 173, 1939.
cat	LDLo	intravenous	1500mg/kg (1500mg/kg)	BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) BEHAVIORAL: IRRITABILITY	Journal of Hygiene. Vol. 35, Pg. 540, 1935.
guinea pig	LD50	oral	3150mg/kg (3150mg/kg)	BEHAVIORAL: GENERAL ANESTHETIC KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: OTHER CHANGES GASTROINTESTINAL: OTHER CHANGES	Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 23, Pg. 259, 1941.
human	LCLo	inhalation	470ppm/3D (470ppm)	BRAIN AND COVERINGS: OTHER DEGENERATIVE CHANGES LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES LIVER: OTHER CHANGES	Pollution Engineering. Vol. 7(9), Pg. 22, 1975.
human	TCLo	inhalation	470ppm (470ppm)	BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD VASCULAR: BP ELEVATION NOT CHARACTERIZED IN AUTONOMIC SECTION GASTROINTESTINAL: OTHER CHANGES	AMA Archives of Industrial Health. Vol. 20, Pg. 445, 1959.
human	TCLo	inhalation	5500ppm/1M (5500ppm)	SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: LACRIMATION: EYE SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: CONJUNCTIVE IRRITATION: EYE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES	Public Health Reports. Vol. 45, Pg. 2023, 1930.
mammal (species unspecified)	LC50	inhalation	20500mg/m³ (20500mg/m³)		Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. Vol. 51(5), Pg. 61, 1986.
mouse	LC50	inhalation	37gm/m³/2H (37000mg/m³)		"Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic Chemicals Under Single Exposure," Izmerov, N.F., et al., Moscow, Centre of International Projects, GKNT, 1982Vol. -, Pg. 63, 1982.
mouse	LD50	intraperitoneal	790mg/kg (790mg/kg)	LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: "CHANGES IN TUBULES (INCLUDING ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS)"	Federation Proceedings, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Vol. 6, Pg. 342, 1947.
mouse	LD50	oral	5300mg/kg (5300mg/kg)		Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. Vol. 16, Pg. 54, 1978.
rabbit	LD50	oral	2gm/kg (2000mg/kg)		Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 21, Pg. 173, 1939.
rabbit	LD50	skin	7600uL/kg (7.6mL/kg)		Union Carbide Data Sheet. Vol. 12/17/1971,
rabbit	LDLo	intravenous	1500mg/kg (1500mg/kg)	KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: URINE VOLUME INCREASED KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: URINE VOLUME DECREASED	Journal of Hygiene. Vol. 35, Pg. 540, 1935.
rat	LC50	inhalation	46gm/m³/2H (46000mg/m³)	SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: OTHER: EYE	Kosmicheskaya Biologiya I Aviakosmicheskaya Meditsina. Space Biology and Aerospace Medicine. Vol. 11(6), Pg. 53, 1977.
rat	LD50	intraperitoneal	799mg/kg (799mg/kg)		Environmental Research. Vol. 40, Pg. 411, 1986.
rat	LD50	oral	4200mg/kg (4200mg/kg)		Industrial Health. Vol. 32, Pg. 145, 1994.

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