Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water In aq. phosphate buffer at 20℃; for 1h; pH=7.4; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Electrolysis; Inert atmosphere; Enzymatic reaction; | 100% |
With cobalt(III) acetylacetonate; hydrogen; bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide; [2-((diphenylphospino)methyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediyl]bis[diphenylphosphine] In tetrahydrofuran; ethanol at 100℃; under 52505.3 Torr; for 24h; Autoclave; Inert atmosphere; | 59% |
With C36H54IrN2P2(1+)*C24H20B(1-); hydrogen; sodium hydride In ethanol; toluene at 180℃; under 7500.75 - 45004.5 Torr; for 18h; Autoclave; | 31% |
benzoic acid methyl ester
2-Ethylhexyl alcohol
A
methanol
B
Velate 368
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With phosphorus pentoxide; potassium carbonate; Aliquat 336 In neat (no solvent) under 20 Torr; for 8h; Product distribution; Ambient temperature; | A n/a B 100% |
With phosphorus pentoxide; potassium carbonate; Aliquat 336 In neat (no solvent) under 20 Torr; for 8h; Ambient temperature; | A n/a B 100% |
1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester
2-Ethylhexyl alcohol
A
methanol
B
2-ethylhexyl methyl terephthalate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With phosphorus pentoxide; potassium carbonate; Aliquat 336 In neat (no solvent) under 20 Torr; for 24h; Product distribution; Ambient temperature; | A n/a B 100% |
With phosphorus pentoxide; potassium carbonate; Aliquat 336 In neat (no solvent) under 20 Torr; for 24h; Ambient temperature; | A n/a B 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With D-glucose; NADH In aq. buffer for 2h; pH=6.85; Catalytic behavior; Solvent; Concentration; pH-value; Ionic liquid; Enzymatic reaction; | 100% |
With carbon monoxide; water; hydrogen at 35 - 250℃; under 825.083 - 75007.5 Torr; Temperature; Pressure; Large scale; | 99.99% |
With dimethylsulfide borane complex; C24H18BO2P In benzene-d6 at 70℃; under 1520.1 Torr; for 1h; Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere; | 95% |
dimethyl(p-nitrophenyl)sulfonium perchlorate
A
methanol
B
1-methylthio-4-nitro-benzene
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water at 80℃; Rate constant; other temp.; | A n/a B 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With Methyltrichlorosilane; sodium iodide In acetonitrile at 25℃; for 6h; | A n/a B 100% |
1-(2-Adamantylidene)-1-methoxy-1-phenylmethane
A
methanol
B
adamantan-2-yl(phenyl)methanone
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With tris-p-bromophenyl ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate In dichloromethane for 3h; | A n/a B 100% |
A
methanol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With trifluoroacetic acid In benzene for 0.5h; pinacol rearrangement; | A n/a B 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With trifluoroacetic acid In benzene at 25℃; for 0.5h; pinacol rearrangement; | A n/a B 100% |
benzoic acid methyl ester
3-Phenylpropenol
A
methanol
B
cinnamyl benzoate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
2[{Cl(C6F13CH2CH2)2SnOSn(CH2CH2C6F13)2Cl}2] In various solvent(s) at 150℃; for 16h; | A n/a B 100% |
ethanol
3-phenylpropanoic acid methyl ester
A
methanol
B
ethyl dihydrocinnamate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
2[{Cl(C6F13CH2CH2)2SnOSn(CH2CH2C6F13)2Cl}2] In various solvent(s) at 150℃; for 16h; | A n/a B 100% |
3-Phenylpropenol
3-phenylpropanoic acid methyl ester
A
methanol
B
3-phenyl-2-propenyl benzenepropanoate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
2[{Cl(C6F13CH2CH2)2SnOSn(CH2CH2C6F13)2Cl}2] In various solvent(s) at 150℃; for 16h; | A n/a B 100% |
3-phenylpropanoic acid methyl ester
8-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)octan-1-ol
A
methanol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
2[{Cl(C6F13CH2CH2)2SnOSn(CH2CH2C6F13)2Cl}2] In various solvent(s) at 150℃; for 16h; | A n/a B 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With zeolite beads at 120 - 385℃; Product distribution / selectivity; | 100% |
A
methanol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride In n-heptane at 100 - 114℃; Conversion of starting material; | A 100% B 100% |
tetrabutoxytitanium In n-heptane at 100 - 120℃; Conversion of starting material; | A 100% B 100% |
lithium hydroxide In n-heptane at 100 - 120℃; Conversion of starting material; | A 100% B 100% |
lithium stearate In n-heptane at 100 - 120℃; Conversion of starting material; | A 100% B 100% |
2-benzoyloxyacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal
2-hydroxyethanethiol
A
methanol
B
2-[(phenylcarbonyloxy)methyl]-1,3-oxathiolane
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
toluene-4-sulfonic acid In toluene Heating; | A n/a B 100% |
tris(methyloxycarbonylmethyl)methane
4-methoxy-benzylamine
A
methanol
B
tris(methyloxycarbonylmethyl)methane
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 120℃; for 24h; | A n/a B 100% |
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine
methyltriphenylbismuthonium tetrafluoroborate
A
methanol
B
Dimethyl ether
C
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate
D
triphenylbismuthane
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With H2O In chloroform-d1 water was added to mixt. (Ph3BiMe)(BF4) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine in CDCl3 and mixt. was allowed to stand at room temp. for 33 h; detn. by NMR; | A 30% B 16% C 100% D 100% |
sodium tetramethoxyborate
methanol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With Glauber's salt for 0.166667h; Ball milling; neat (no solvent); | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogen; 10%Ru/C In water at 100℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 2h; Product distribution / selectivity; Autoclave; | 100% |
With magnesium oxide In water at 250℃; for 3h; Inert atmosphere; | |
With magnesium oxide In water for 3h; Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere; | |
With Ag/CaO-SiO2 Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere; |
1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)tetramethyldisiloxane
dimethoxy(methyl)phenylsilane
A
methanol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogenchloride In water for 4.5h; Heating / reflux; | A n/a B 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With 1,1′-(pyridine-2,6-diylbis(methylene))bis(3-butylimidazolium) dibromide; carbonylchlorohydridobis(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium(II); potassium tert-butylate; hydrogen In 1,4-dioxane at 130℃; under 37503.8 Torr; for 12h; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Pressure; Autoclave; | A 39% B 100% |
With hydrogen In 1,4-dioxane at 250℃; under 30003 Torr; for 4h; Temperature; Solvent; Reagent/catalyst; Flow reactor; | A 93% B 99% |
With C24H38Cl2N3PRu; hydrogen; sodium methylate In tetrahydrofuran at 25℃; under 38002.6 Torr; for 16h; Autoclave; | A 99 %Chromat. B 95% |
N,N-dimethyl-formamide
methanol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium phosphate; carbonylhydrido(tetrahydroborato)[bis(2-diphenylphosphinoethyl)amino]ruthenium(II); hydrogen In tetrahydrofuran at 155℃; under 37503.8 Torr; for 18h; Catalytic behavior; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube; | 100% |
With potassium phosphate; C29H55FeNOP2; hydrogen In tetrahydrofuran at 130℃; under 37503.8 Torr; for 3h; Catalytic behavior; Temperature; Pressure; | > 99 %Spectr. |
With C24H38Cl2N3PRu; potassium tert-butylate; hydrogen In isopropyl alcohol at 110℃; under 30402 Torr; for 30h; Temperature; Autoclave; Glovebox; |
9-methoxy-9-BBN
methanol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water at 20℃; for 0.5h; | 100% |
With water In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 1h; | 96% |
Methyl formate
dimethyl amine
A
methanol
B
N,N-dimethyl-formamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
under 2327.23 Torr; Industry scale; | A n/a B 99.97% |
methane
dinitrogen monoxide
A
methanol
B
formaldehyd
C
carbon dioxide
D
carbon monoxide
E
nitrogen
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; Oxidation of CH4 by N2O in presence of catalyst (773 K): deposited Cu(2+) on carbon;; | A 0.2% B 0.3% C 99.5% D 0% E n/a |
In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; byproducts: C2H5OH (small quantity); oxidation of CH4 by N2O in presence of catalyst (773 K): deposited Ti(4+) on carbon;; | A 13.8% B 0% C 86.2% D 0% E n/a |
In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; Oxidation of CH4 by N2O in presence of catalyst (773 K): deposited Co(2+) on carbon;; | A 0% B 0% C 75% D 25% E n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With C21H37N2OPRu; hydrogen In 1,4-dioxane at 145℃; under 6840.46 Torr; for 36h; | 99% |
dodecacarbonyl-triangulo-triruthenium; P(C4H9)3 In pyridine at 180℃; for 8h; | 40% |
dodecacarbonyl-triangulo-triruthenium; P(C4H9)3 In pyridine at 180℃; for 8h; Product distribution; catalytic decarbonylation of some alkyl formates.; | 40% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium thiophenolate; thiophenol In acetonitrile for 2h; Product distribution; Further Variations:; Solvents; Substitution; elimination; | A 98% B 1.7% C 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II) at 100℃; | 100% |
With [RhCl2(p-cymene)]2; bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether In toluene at 250℃; under 37503.8 Torr; Flow reactor; | 93% |
With Cu1-Mo1/TiO2 In neat liquid at 20℃; for 21h; Catalytic behavior; Inert atmosphere; UV-irradiation; | 82% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With aluminium(III) triflate at 100℃; for 1h; regioselective reaction; | 100% |
Stage #1: epoxybutene; methanol at 0℃; for 0.5h; Stage #2: With sulfuric acid at 0 - 20℃; for 3h; | 25% |
With boron trifluoride diethyl etherate |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With thionyl chloride at 0 - 20℃; | 100% |
Stage #1: 2,2'-oxybis-acetic acid With thionyl chloride at 20℃; for 8h; Stage #2: methanol | 98% |
With sulfuric acid for 24h; Heating; | 90% |
4-chlorophenylacetic Acid
methanol
(4-chloro-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogenchloride for 1h; Heating; | 100% |
With monoammonium 12-tungstophosphate for 12h; Heating; | 98% |
With sulfuric acid at 0 - 5℃; for 4.16667h; Reflux; | 98% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 20℃; | 100% |
at 64 - 68℃; for 3.8h; | 98.5% |
at 70℃; for 2h; | 98% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogenchloride at 80℃; for 20h; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
With hydrogenchloride In water at 0℃; Reflux; | 83% |
With hydrogenchloride at 0 - 20℃; Reflux; | 83% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With boron trifluoride at 65℃; for 0.333333h; | 100% |
With ethenetetracarbonitrile for 48h; Ambient temperature; | 99% |
polyaniline hydrocloride at 70℃; for 24h; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogenchloride for 1h; Heating; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid for 4h; Reflux; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid Heating; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With chloro-trimethyl-silane at 20℃; | 100% |
With chloro-trimethyl-silane at 0 - 20℃; | 100% |
With chloro-trimethyl-silane for 16h; Reflux; | 97% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With boron trifluoride at 65℃; for 0.333333h; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid In dichloromethane Dean-Stark; Heating; | 95% |
With sulfuric acid | 80% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogenchloride for 1h; Heating; | 100% |
With ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate at 20℃; for 12h; | 99% |
sulfuric acid for 16h; Heating / reflux; | 97.5% |
methanol
(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)acetic acid
methyl (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acetate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sulfuric acid Heating; | 100% |
With thionyl chloride for 18h; | 99% |
With sulfuric acid for 0.5h; Reflux; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With boron trifluoride at 65℃; for 0.333333h; | 100% |
With phosphorus trichloride Cooling; | 92% |
With hydrogenchloride |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With boron trifluoride at 65℃; for 0.333333h; | 100% |
at 130℃; for 4h; Temperature; | 99.81% |
With aluminum(III) sulphate octadecahydrate at 110℃; for 0.166667h; Sealed tube; Microwave irradiation; | 97.7% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With boron trifluoride at 65℃; for 0.333333h; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid Heating; | 98% |
With toluene-4-sulfonic acid for 7h; Reflux; Large scale; | 98.08% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With boron trifluoride at 65℃; for 0.333333h; | 100% |
With modification of hypercrosslinked supermicroporous polymer (HMP-1) via sulfonation (HMP-1-SO3H) at 24.84℃; for 12h; Green chemistry; | 97% |
With Fe3O4 immobilized thiol functionalized mesoporous silica at 24.84℃; for 20h; | 96% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With toluene-4-sulfonic acid for 3h; Heating; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid rt. then reflux; | 73.8% |
With sulfuric acid for 24h; Heating; | 70% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In dichloromethane for 1h; | 100% |
In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 0.25h; | 100% |
In benzene | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogenchloride Heating; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid for 24h; Heating; | 90% |
With acetyl chloride at 40℃; for 3.5h; | 53% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
iron(III) chloride | 100% |
With sulfuric acid In 1,2-dichloro-ethane Fisher esterification; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid In 1,2-dichloro-ethane for 12h; Heating; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogenchloride In water for 5h; Temperature; Time; Reflux; chemoselective reaction; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid for 16h; Kinetics; Reflux; | 97% |
With sulfuric acid for 2h; Reflux; | 97% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sulfuric acid Heating; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid for 8h; Heating; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With thionyl chloride Heating; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid for 8h; Reflux; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid under 760.051 Torr; Reflux; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With Dowex 50 W x 8200-400 Heating; | 100% |
With thionyl chloride Ambient temperature; | 100% |
With sulfuric acid at 0℃; for 12h; Darkness; Reflux; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With thionyl chloride at 20℃; for 48h; Reflux; | 100% |
Stage #1: methanol With thionyl chloride at 0℃; for 0.166667h; Stage #2: L-alanin at 20℃; for 12h; | 97% |
With thionyl chloride at 8 - 10℃; Reflux; | 96.68% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With thionyl chloride at 0 - 20℃; for 17h; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
With thionyl chloride at -20 - 20℃; for 17h; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
With chloro-trimethyl-silane at 20℃; for 12h; | 97% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With thionyl chloride at 0 - 20℃; | 100% |
With thionyl chloride at 20℃; Cooling with ice; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
Stage #1: L-valine With thionyl chloride at 0℃; for 4.16667h; Reflux; Stage #2: methanol | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With thionyl chloride | 100% |
With thionyl chloride | 100% |
With thionyl chloride at 0 - 20℃; | 94% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With thionyl chloride for 3h; Heating; | 100% |
Stage #1: methanol; LEUCINE With hydrogenchloride at 20℃; Reflux; Stage #2: With sodium hydrogencarbonate In water pH=7; | 96% |
With hydrogenchloride leucine DL-methyl ester; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: methanol With thionyl chloride at -15 - 0℃; for 1h; Stage #2: L-isoleucine for 3h; Reflux; | 100% |
With hydrogenchloride | 96% |
With thionyl chloride at 0℃; for 12h; Reflux; | 95% |
Pure methanol, however, was first isolated in 1661 by Robert Boyle, when he produced it via the distillation of boxwood. It later became known as pyroxylic spirit. In 1834, the French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugene Peligot determined its elemental composition. The term "methyl" was derived in about 1840 by back-formation from methylene, and was then applied to describe "methyl alcohol." This was shortened to "methanol" in 1892 by the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature. In 1923, the German chemists Alwin Mittasch and Mathias Pier, working for BASF developed a means to convert synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen) into methanol. Modern methanol production has been made more efficient through use of catalysts (commonly copper) capable of operating at lower pressures, the modern low pressure methanol (LPM) was developed by ICI in the late 1960s with the technology now owned by Johnson Matthey who is a leading licensor of methanol technology.
The use of methanol as a motor fuel received attention during the oil crises of the 1970s due to its availability, low cost, and environmental benefits. By the mid-1990s, over 20,000 methanol "flexible fuel vehices" capable of operating on methanol or gasoline were introduced in the U.S. In 2006 astronomers using the MERLIN array of radio telescopes at Jodrell Bank Observatory discovered a large cloud of methanol in space, 300 billion miles across.
Community Right-To-Know List. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory. EPA Genetic Toxicology Program.
OSHA PEL: TWA 200 ppm; STEL 250 ppm (skin)
ACGIH TLV: TWA 200 ppm; STEL 250 ppm (skin); BEI: 15 mg/L of methanol in urine at end of shift
DFG MAK: 200 ppm (270 mg/m3); BAT: 30 mg/L in urine at end of shift
NIOSH REL: TWA 200 ppm; CL 800 ppm/15M
DOT Classification: 3; Label: Flammable Liquid, Poison
For occupational chemical analysis use NIOSH: Methanol, 2000.
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, is a colorless, flammable, toxic liquid with a faintly sweet pungent odor like that of ethyl alcohol. It is miscible with water, ethanol, ether, benzene, ketones, and most other organic solvents, and can dissolve many inorganic salts. Methanol is the simplest alcohol used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.
Physical properties about Methanol are: (1)ACD/LogP: -0.69; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): -0.69; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): -0.69; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1.00; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.00; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 10.04; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 10.04; (8)#H bond acceptors: 1; (9)Index of Refraction: 1.311 ; (10)Molar Refractivity: 8.217 cm3; (11)Molar Volume: 42.548 cm3; (12)Polarizability: 3.257 10-24cm3; (13)Surface Tension: 18.8619995117188 dyne/cm; (14)Density: 0.753 g/cm3; (15)Flash Point: 11.111 °C; (16)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 35.21 kJ/mol; (17)Boiling Point: 48.093 °C at 760 mmHg; (18)vapour Pressure: 265.414001464844 mmHg at 25°C
Preparation of Methanol: Before 1926, all methanol was made by distillation of wood. But now, almost all the industrial synthesis of methanol is using catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide under pressure. This process includs gas making, synthetic purification, methanol synthesis and crude methanol rectification. The synthesis gas is most commonly produced from the methane component in natural gas rather than from coal. The purification process of crude methanol includes rectification and chemical treatment. Chemical treatment is using alkali to undermine the impurities which is difficult to be separated in the rectification process, and adjust the pH value. Rectification is removal of the main easily volatile components such as dimethyl ether, and difficultly volatile components such as ethanol, high-carbon alcohol and water. After the crude distillation, purity can achieve more than 98% .
Uses of Methanol:
1. Methanol is especially useful for HPLC, UV/VIS spectroscopy, and LCMS due to its low UV cutoff. It is also a basic organic raw material, which is mainly used to produce formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl chloride, methylamine, dimethyl sulfate, pesticides (insecticides, acaricides), medicine (sulfonamides, syntomycin, etc.) and other organic products.
2. Methanol can also be mixed with gasoline for use of alternative fuels. The physical and chemical characteristics of methanol offer several advantages as an alternative fuel, including relatively low production cost and a lower risk of flammability compared to gasoline. But it is used on a limited basis to fuel internal combustion engines.
3. Methanol is an important solvent used for paint, varnish, shellac, ink, adhesives, dyes, alkaloids, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, etc. Methanol is a usually better solvent than ethanol. And it can dissolve many inorganic salts.
4. Methanol is also used as reagent for analysis and chromatography, as reagent of determination of boron, in separation of calcium sulfate and magnesium sulfate, and in separation of strontium bromide and barium bromide. What's more, it can used as antifreeze in pipelines and windshield washer fluid.
When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following: Methanol is harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. If ingested, for example, as little as 10 mL of pure methanol can cause permanent blindness by destruction of the optic nerve, and 30 ml is potentially fatal. It has danger of very serious irreversible effects. Methanol is often a component in "bootleg" liquor (illegally brewed and distilled alcohol) and there have been numerous cases in the past in which the consumption of such a drink has been fatal. In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) Methanol is highly flammable, so people should keep it away from sources of ignition. A hot air gun, a hot plate or even a radiator may be sufficiently hot to ignite the vapour of methanol. So people should be very careful.
You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)SMILES:CO;
(2)Std. InChI:InChI=1S/CH4O/c1-2/h2H,1H3;
(3)Std. InChIKey:OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
The toxicity data is as follows:
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
cat | LCLo | inhalation | 44gm/m3/6H (44000mg/m3) | BEHAVIORAL: FOOD INTAKE (ANIMAL) BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS GASTROINTESTINAL: CHANGES IN STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF SALIVARY GLANDS | Archiv fuer Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene. Vol. 5, Pg. 1, 1933. |
cat | LDLo | intravenous | 4641mg/kg (4641mg/kg) | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 16, Pg. 1, 1920. | |
dog | LDLo | oral | 7500mg/kg (7500mg/kg) | "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." Vol. 4, Pg. 1365, 1935. | |
frog | LDLo | parenteral | 59gm/kg (59000mg/kg) | PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SENSATION: SPASTIC PARALYSIS WITH OR WITHOUT SENSORY CHANGE BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) | Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 50, Pg. 296, 1935. |
guinea pig | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 3556mg/kg (3556mg/kg) | EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 61, Pg. 321, 1985. | |
hamster | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 8555mg/kg (8555mg/kg) | EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 61, Pg. 321, 1985. | |
human | LDLo | oral | 143mg/kg (143mg/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: OPTIC NERVE NEUROPATHY: EYE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING | "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969Vol. -, Pg. 382, 1969. |
human | LDLo | oral | 428mg/kg (428mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: HEADACHE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES | Raw Material Data Handbook, Vol.1: Organic Solvents, 1974. Vol. 1, Pg. 74, 1974. |
human | TCLo | inhalation | 300ppm (300ppm) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: VISUAL FIELD CHANGES: EYE BEHAVIORAL: HEADACHE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES | Raw Material Data Handbook, Vol.1: Organic Solvents, 1974. Vol. 1, Pg. 74, 1974. |
human | TCLo | inhalation | 86000mg/m3 (86000mg/m3) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: LACRIMATION: EYE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: COUGH | Archiv fuer Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene. Vol. 5, Pg. 1, 1933. |
man | LDLo | oral | 6422mg/kg (6422mg/kg) | BRAIN AND COVERINGS: "CHANGES IN CIRCULATION (HEMORRHAGE, THROMBOSIS, ETC.)" LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING | Canadian Medical Association Journal. Vol. 128, Pg. 14, 1983. |
man | LDLo | unreported | 868mg/kg (868mg/kg) | "Poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments," 2nd ed., Arena, J.M., Springfield, IL, C.C. Thomas, 1970Vol. 2, Pg. 73, 1970. | |
man | TDLo | oral | 3571uL/kg (3.571mL/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: VISUAL FIELD CHANGES: EYE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA BLOOD: OTHER CHANGES | Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 35, Pg. 2095, 1993. |
man | TDLo | oral | 9450uL/kg (9.45mL/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: MYDRIASIS (PUPILLARY DILATION): EYE BEHAVIORAL: GENERAL ANESTHETIC | American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 16, Pg. 538, 1998. |
man | TDLo | oral | 3429mg/kg (3429mg/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: VISUAL FIELD CHANGES: EYE | Acta Medica Scandinavica. Vol. 212, Pg. 5, 1982. |
monkey | LCLo | inhalation | 1000ppm (1000ppm) | Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Vol. 23, Pg. 931, 1931. | |
monkey | LD50 | oral | 7gm/kg (7000mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE WEAKNESS BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA BEHAVIORAL: COMA | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 3, Pg. 202, 1961. |
monkey | LDLo | skin | 393mg/kg (393mg/kg) | Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Vol. 23, Pg. 931, 1931. | |
mouse | LCLo | inhalation | 50gm/m3/2H (50000mg/m3) | "Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic Chemicals Under Single Exposure," Izmerov, N.F., et al., Moscow, Centre of International Projects, GKNT, 1982Vol. -, Pg. 80, 1982. | |
mouse | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 10765mg/kg (10765mg/kg) | EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 61, Pg. 321, 1985. | |
mouse | LD50 | intravenous | 4710mg/kg (4710mg/kg) | EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 61, Pg. 321, 1985. | |
mouse | LD50 | oral | 7300mg/kg (7300mg/kg) | Toxicology. Vol. 25, Pg. 271, 1982. | |
mouse | LD50 | subcutaneous | 9800mg/kg (9800mg/kg) | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 18, Pg. 185, 1971. | |
rabbit | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 1826mg/kg (1826mg/kg) | EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 61, Pg. 321, 1985. | |
rabbit | LD50 | intravenous | 8907mg/kg (8907mg/kg) | EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 61, Pg. 321, 1985. | |
rabbit | LD50 | oral | 14200mg/kg (14200mg/kg) | FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series. Vol. 48A, Pg. 105, 1970. | |
rabbit | LD50 | skin | 15800mg/kg (15800mg/kg) | Raw Material Data Handbook, Vol.1: Organic Solvents, 1974. Vol. 1, Pg. 74, 1974. | |
rat | LC50 | inhalation | 64000ppm/4H (64000ppm) | Raw Material Data Handbook, Vol.1: Organic Solvents, 1974. Vol. 1, Pg. 74, 1974. | |
rat | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 7529mg/kg (7529mg/kg) | EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 61, Pg. 321, 1985. | |
rat | LD50 | intravenous | 2131mg/kg (2131mg/kg) | EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 61, Pg. 321, 1985. | |
rat | LD50 | oral | 5628mg/kg (5628mg/kg) | Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 19(11), Pg. 27, 1975. | |
women | TDLo | oral | 4gm/kg (4000mg/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: VISUAL FIELD CHANGES: EYE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING | Acta Medica Scandinavica. Vol. 212, Pg. 5, 1982. |
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