The photochemical fate of the herbicide clethodim in natural waters was investigated under simulated and natural sunlight radiation. This herbicide exhibited a rapid degradation rate in simulated aquatic environment with half-lives ranged from 27.9 min to 4.6 h. The commercial formulation of cle...

Clethodim is one of the most widely used herbicides in agriculture, but its potential negative effects on aquatic organisms are still poorly understood. This study examined the effects of clethodim on zebrafish at aspects of early stage embryonic development, immune toxicity, cell apoptosis and ...

Photolysis is an important degradation process to consider when evaluating the persistence of a pesticide in the field. In this work, photolytic behavior of clethodim and sethoxydim herbicides under simulated solar radiation was examined in organic solvents, on glass disk and silica gel plates a...

A rapid, sensitive and selective method using Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) procedure for simultaneous determination of clethodim and its oxidation metabolites (clethodim sulfoxide and clethodim sulphone) in soil, rape plant and rape seed was developed using high-per...

The 8-membered ring framework of vinigrol, a unique tricyclic diterpene isolated as a novel antihypertensive compound from a culture of Virgaria nigra, was efficiently synthesized employing an SmI2-induced intramolecular coupling. It is particularly noteworthy that the 8-membered carbocycle was ...

Synthesis of the cis-decalin portion of vinigrol using a tandem oxy-Cope/Claisen/ene reaction is described. This three pericyclic reaction cascade proves to be a valuable synthetic tool in the construction of such systems.

The stereoselective syntheses of the tricyclic core structure of vinigrol and highly functionalized polycyclic molecules from 5-bromo-2-methoxyphenol in five synthetic steps are reported. Intramolecular and intermolecular Diels–Alder reactions and tandem oxy-Cope/ene reactions are the key steps...

Detailed in this Letter is an Adler–Becker oxidation strategy towards vinigrol. The effects of substitution were shown to greatly impact successes of both the oxidative dearomatization and Diels–Alder reactions.

Detailed in this chapter is the Njardarson group vinigrol total synthesis saga. Even though the Njardarson group synthetic strategy had undergone multiple modifications over time, it remained faithful to several key reaction design elements, namely: (a) oxidative dearomatization/Diels–Alder cas...

Vinigrol is diterpene isolated from a fungus strain Virgaria nigra F-5408. Its tricyclic core comprises a cis-fused [4.4.0] system surmounted by a four-carbon bridge at C1 and C5 and features eight contiguous stereocenters. Biological testing of vinigrol has revealed a number of interesting prop...

This chapter outlines total synthetic approaches for potentially bioactive diterpenoid, vinigrol, a fungal metabolite of Virgaria nigra F-5408.

Since the isolation of unique tricyclic diterpenoid vinigrol, its promising biological activities and complex framework have resulted in numerous synthetic efforts to the total synthesis of this venerable molecule for the past two and half decades. This mini review highlights the significance of...

IntroductionMacrophages play an important role in regulating inflammation and tissue regeneration. It is known that anti-inflammatory macrophages play an important role for tissue regeneration. The objective of this study is to modify macrophages phenotypes for anti-inflammatory function by util...

BackgroundPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) agonists have received much attention in research because of their neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects that reduce cell death and halt the progression of neurodegeneration. Thus, this study observed the pioglitazone effe...

Pioglitazone (PGZ) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist. Its role in the inflammatory response modulation paves the way for additional therapeutic applications. The purpose of this study was to develop a pioglitazone nanoemulsion (PGZ-NE) in order to investigate its anti-infla...

BackgroundObjective of the present study was to conduct an 8-week double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test the efficacy of pioglitazone in the treatment of bipolar depression.

Background and aimsLocal macrophage proliferation is linked to enhanced atherosclerosis progression. Our previous study found that troglitazone, a thiazolidinedione (TZD), suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-induced macrophage proliferation. However, its effects and mechanisms a...

This study investigated the effects of oral administration of pioglitazone (PGT), a specific and synthetic ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ), on follicular dynamics and corpus luteum (CL) functionality in dairy cows. Cows exhibiting strong signs of estrus after...

ABSTRACTApproximately 180,000 people worldwide die from cryptococcosis each year, probably due to the ineffectiveness and toxicity of drugs currently available to treat the disease. Amphotericin B (AMB) is effective for killing the fungus, but has serious adverse effects linked to excessive prod...

Pioglitazone has been demonstrated to exert anti-fibrotic and renoprotective effects. But the detailed pharmacological mechanisms have not been clearly revealed. The present study aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms of pioglitazone in these two effects. TGF-β1-stimulated HK-2 cells and...