3′-Azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) and gossylic iminolactone (GIL) were compared for antiviral activities in vitro against fresh clinical isolates of HIV-1 obtained from 19 subjects on AZT therapy. IC50 values for AZT ranged from 0.015 to 6.7 μM (447-fold range) while IC50 values for GIL ranged...

2-(Thiophen-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (TBI) was synthesized under microwave conditions and was characterized by FT-IR, dispersive Raman, 1H-, 13C-, DEPT-, HETCOR-NMR spectroscopies and density functional theory (DFT) computations. The FT-IR and dispersive Raman spectra of TBI were recorded in t...

Thermal reactions of 1-(thiophene-2-yl)-1H-tetrazoles are reported for the first time. The solution thermolysis of 1-(thiophene-2-yl)-1H-tetrazoles under conventional heating and microwave irradiation afforded the unexpected new thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidines incorporating two thiophene rings, which w...

(1-Methyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole) (C12H10N2S) (L) ligand and its three copper complexes [(Cu2(L)2I2] (1), [(Cu(L)2X2] (X = Cl− (2), and NO3− (3)) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and IR measurements. The structures of the complexes 1–3 were determined by ...

Growing evidence suggests that the bacterium Waddlia chondrophila, a novel member of the Chlamydiales order, is an agent of miscarriage in humans and abortion in ruminants. We thus investigated the permissivity of three epithelial cell lines, primate Vero kidney cells, human A549 pneumocytes and...

Chapter 3 discusses cancer chemotherapy related to the hormonal regulation of tumors, starting with the regulation of gene transcription by estrogens and the proposed mechanisms to explain the development of estrogen-dependent tumors. Nonsteroidal antiestrogens, also known as “selective estroge...

The urinary system is a common target site for toxicity of drugs and environmental chemicals. The kidney is particularly susceptible because of the high blood flow to this organ relative to its mass and the unique property of renal tubular epithelium in concentrating urine and its constituents i...

BackgroundGrowth hormone secretagogues (GHS), among other factors, regulate the release of GH. The biological activity of the secretagogue peptide A233 as a promoter of growth and innate immunity in teleost fish has previously been demonstrated, but its role in the immune system of mammals is no...

The cycloaddition of 5-chloro-2(1H)-pyrazinones 1 with various dienophiles was used to generate the corresponding 2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes. Following reduction or hydrolysis of the bridged adducts, the regio- and stereochemical structure was determined by analysis of the coupling and NOE p...

A series of 9-isopropylpurine derivatives bearing 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, (4-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl and 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl groups in positions 2 and 6 were prepared as carba-analogues of antimitotic myoseverin. Cross-coupling reactions of 2,6-dichloro-9-isopropylpurine (1) with on...

A new strategy for the synthesis of derivatives of 5-aminoisoxazolines via tandem catalytic isomerization (of N-allyl systems to N-(1-propenyl) systems)—1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (of a stable nitrile oxide to N-(1-propenyl) systems) is presented. Rhodium and ruthenium complexes, Verkade’s supe...

Difluoroallylation of aldehydes mediated by indium powder has been carried out using 2-bromomethyl-1,1-difluorodec-1-ene leading to 2,2-difluoro-3-methylenealkanols in useful yields. The reaction has been applied to a range of aldehydes including both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes.

High molecular weight (HMW) glycosaminoglycanes of the extracellular matrix have been implicated in tissue repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate if small synthetic hyaluronan disaccharides with different degrees of sulfation (methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyluronic acid...

The separation and quantification of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains with different levels of sulfation from cells and media, and prepared through chemoenzymatic synthesis or metabolic engineering, pose a major challenge in glycomics analysis. A method for microscale separation and quantification...

A capillary electrophoresis method with reversed polarity, combining both the application of a voltage and a pressure gradient between the buffer vials, was developed for the analysis of eight heparin-derived Δ-disaccharides obtained by enzymatic depolymerization. A 60 mM formic acid buffer at ...

Glycosaminoglycans are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides comprised of repeating disaccharide subunits that mediate many effects at the cellular level. There is increasing evidence that the nature of these effects is determined by differences in disaccharide composition. However, t...

Currently porcine intestine is the only approved source for producing pharmaceutical heparin in most countries. Enoxaparin, prepared by benzylation and alkaline depolymerization from porcine intestine heparin, is prevalent in the anticoagulant drug market. It is predicted that porcine intestine ...

Heparanase, an endo-β-D-glucuronidase, cleaves cell surface and extracellular matrix heparan sulfate (HS) chains and plays important roles in cellular growth and metastasis. Heparanase assays reported to-date are labor intensive, complex and/or expensive. A simpler assay is critically needed to...

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are important anticoagulant drugs. Nitrous acid degradation is a major approach to produce LMWHs, such as dalteparin. Due to the foreseeable shortage of porcine intestinal mucosa heparin and other potential risks, expansion of other animal tissues for hepari...

Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are widely used as clinical anticoagulant drugs. LMWHs are heterogeneous and highly negatively charged glycans prepared by chemical or enzymatic depolymerization of unfractionated heparin. The detailed structural analysis of a LMWH is essential for the drug ...