Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In xylene for 6h; Heating; | A n/a B 100% |
under 0.075006 Torr; Pyrolysis; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With diethylamine; palladium diacetate; trisodium tris(3-sulfophenyl)phosphine In water for 0.166667h; Ambient temperature; | A 98% B 2% |
With formic acid; triphenylphosphine; tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) chloroform complex In tetrahydrofuran at 30℃; for 3h; | A 16 % Chromat. B 84 % Chromat. |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With methylamine | A 98% B n/a |
4-Phenylsulfanyl-morpholine
diisopropyl phosphite
A
morpholine
B
thiophosphoric acid O,O'-diisopropyl ester S-phenyl ester
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
A n/a B 96% |
prop-2-yn-1-yl morpholine-4-carboxylate
morpholine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate In acetonitrile at 20℃; for 2.5h; | 95% |
With potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) In d(4)-methanol; water-d2 at 20℃; for 14h; Reagent/catalyst; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With Ru-MACHO; potassium tert-butylate; hydrogen In tetrahydrofuran at 140℃; under 38002.6 Torr; for 2.5h; Catalytic behavior; Temperature; Glovebox; Autoclave; Cooling with ice; | 95% |
With [bis({2‐[bis(propan‐2‐yl)phosphanyl]ethyl})amide](carbonyl)(hydride)iron(II); hydrogen In tetrahydrofuran at 100℃; under 22801.5 Torr; for 4h; Catalytic behavior; |
2,6-difluorobenzaldehyde
Methyl thioglycolate
Benzo[b]thiophene
A
morpholine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With triethylamine In NaH; dimethyl sulfoxide; acetonitrile | A 93% B n/a |
4-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)morpholine
morpholine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With triethylamine; 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate In neat (no solvent) at 25℃; for 0.0666667h; Green chemistry; | 93% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-triazine; potassium carbonate In chloroform at 0 - 20℃; | 92% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With magnesium; acetic acid In methanol at 20℃; | 92% |
morpholine-4-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester
morpholine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With aluminium trichloride In dichloromethane for 3h; Ambient temperature; | 91% |
allyl morpholine-1-carboxylate
A
morpholine
B
N-allylmorpholine
C
propene
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With formic acid; triphenylphosphine; tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) chloroform complex In tetrahydrofuran at 30℃; for 3h; | A 16 % Chromat. B 84% C n/a |
4-Phenylsulfanyl-morpholine
Diethyl phosphonate
A
morpholine
B
Diethyl 4-morpholidophosphate
C
O,O-diethyl S-phenyl phosphorothioate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
A n/a B 5% C 83% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With ammonium formate; PdMCM-41 In methanol at 69.84℃; for 2h; | 80% |
With isocyanate de chlorosulfonyle In diethyl ether for 10h; Ambient temperature; | 75% |
With perchloric acid; ammonium sulfamate; sodium thiocyanide at 50℃; Rate constant; piperidinium perchlorate, 18h; transnitrosating studies; | |
With benzophenone In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 25℃; Rate constant; var. organic electron carriers, object of study - homogeneous electrochemical reduction with the aid of organic electron carriers; |
1,1-bis(N-morpholinyl)ethylene
malononitrile
A
morpholine
B
4-acetylmorpholine
C
2-(1-morpholinoethylidene)malononitrile
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In diethyl ether for 8h; Heating; | A n/a B n/a C 74% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With chloro-trimethyl-silane; sodium iodide In acetonitrile for 3h; Heating; | 70% |
A
morpholine
B
ethyl 4-aminopyrimido<1,2-a>benzimidazole-3-carboxylate
C
ethyl 4-<2-(2-hydroxyethyldithio)-1-(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethylideneamino>pyrimido<1,2-a>benzimidazole-3-carboxylate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogenchloride; 2-hydroxyethanethiol In methanol for 4h; Ambient temperature; | A 69% B 5% C 64% |
2-hydroxyethanethiol
A
morpholine
B
ethyl 4-aminopyrimido<1,2-a>benzimidazole-3-carboxylate
C
ethyl 4-<2-(2-hydroxyethyldithio)-1-(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethylideneamino>pyrimido<1,2-a>benzimidazole-3-carboxylate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogenchloride In methanol for 4h; Ambient temperature; | A 69% B 5% C 64% |
4-Phenylsulfanyl-morpholine
methyl phosphite
A
morpholine
B
thiophosphoric acid O,O'-dimethyl ester S-phenyl ester
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
A n/a B 67% |
4-(trimethylsilyl)morpholine
morpholine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With C8H20BO(1-)*Na(1+) In tetrahydrofuran at 80℃; for 6h; Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; High pressure; | 66% |
Stage #1: 4-(trimethylsilyl)morpholine With cesium fluoride at 100℃; for 0.5h; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube; Stage #2: In chloroform-d1 Inert atmosphere; Acidic conditions; | 29% |
With potassium trimethylsilonate In dimethyl sulfoxide at 70℃; for 6h; Sealed tube; Schlenk technique; | 47 %Chromat. |
With Na(1+)*C6H15B*C2H5O(1-) In tetrahydrofuran at 80℃; for 6h; Reagent/catalyst; | 66 %Chromat. |
4,4'-<3,3'-Oxybis(2-methyl-1-phenyl-2-propenyliden)>dimorpholinium-bis(trifluormethansulfonat)
A
morpholine
B
3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxo-1-phenylprop-2-ene
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water In acetonitrile for 96h; Product distribution; Ambient temperature; | A n/a B 62% |
ethanolamine
acetylene
A
morpholine
B
2-aminoethyl vinyl ether
C
2-vinyloxy-1,3-butadiene
D
N-Ethylideneethanolamine Vinyl Ether
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium hydroxide In dimethyl sulfoxide at 100℃; under 760 Torr; for 2h; Product distribution; reaction under different conditions (temperature, pressure, time, base, solvent); | A n/a B 60% C n/a D n/a |
With potassium hydroxide In dimethyl sulfoxide at 100℃; under 760 Torr; for 2h; | A n/a B 60% C n/a D n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In acetonitrile at 20℃; for 0.5h; Michael Addition; diastereoselective reaction; | A n/a B 59% C n/a |
3-Morpholin-4-yl-propionitrile
A
morpholine
B
4-(3-Aminopropyl)morpholine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium tetrahydroborate; hydrogen; nickel dichloride In tert-butyl alcohol at 70℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 8h; | A 22% B 59% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol at 20℃; for 6h; regioselective reaction; | 100% |
With copper(II) ferrite In dichloromethane at 20℃; regioselective reaction; | 95% |
With Montmorillonite K10 clay for 0.0166667h; aminolysis, ring cleavage; Irradiation; | 74% |
at 130 - 140℃; for 3h; | 60% |
morpholine
2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone
2-chloro-3-morpholin-4-yl-[1,4]naphthoquinone
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In water at 50℃; for 0.333333h; | 100% |
With water at 50℃; for 0.5h; | 98% |
With triethylamine In diethyl ether at 20℃; for 24h; | 64% |
morpholine
Succinimide
formaldehyd
N-[{morpholin-1-yl}-methyl]-pyrrolidine-2,5-dione
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With aluminum oxide In water for 0.2h; Condensation; microwave irradiation; | 100% |
In ethanol at 60℃; for 2h; | 88% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II) at 100℃; | 100% |
With [RhCl2(p-cymene)]2; bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether In toluene at 250℃; under 37503.8 Torr; Flow reactor; | 93% |
With Cu1-Mo1/TiO2 In neat liquid at 20℃; for 21h; Catalytic behavior; Inert atmosphere; UV-irradiation; | 82% |
morpholine
2-chloro-5-nitropyridine
4-(5-nitro-pyridin-2-yl)-morpholine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With triethylamine In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 3h; | 100% |
With potassium carbonate In tetrahydrofuran at 80℃; for 4h; | 99% |
With potassium carbonate In tetrahydrofuran at 80℃; for 4h; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With oxalic acid at 100 - 120℃; Eschweiler-Clarke methylation; | 100% |
With hydrogen In methanol at 100℃; under 9750.98 Torr; for 3h; Autoclave; | 97% |
With acetic acid at 30℃; for 2h; | 96% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With cyano-hydroxyimino-acetic acid 2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-4-ylmethyl ester; sodium hydrogencarbonate; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In water at 20℃; for 3h; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent; | 100% |
In butan-1-ol at 120℃; Solvent; Temperature; | 99.35% |
In ethanol at 140℃; for 24h; Solvent; Autoclave; | 98% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium t-butanolate; palladium diacetate; [(μ-PPh2CH2PPh2)Co2(CO)4][μ,η-PhCCP(tBu)2] In toluene at 60℃; for 20h; Product distribution; Further Variations:; Catalysts; Reagents; Solvents; Temperatures; | 100% |
With C20H45N2OP; bis(dibenzylideneacetone)-palladium(0); sodium t-butanolate In toluene at 105℃; for 20h; Reagent/catalyst; | 100% |
With bis(η3-allyl-μ-chloropalladium(II)); [(μ-Ph2PCH2PPh2)Co2(CO)4(μ,η-Me2NCH2CCP(C6H11)2)]; sodium t-butanolate In toluene at 80℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere; | 99% |
morpholine
1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-triazine
2,6-Dichloro-4-morpholino-1,3,5-triazine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine In dichloromethane at -78℃; for 0.166667h; | 100% |
With triethylamine In dichloromethane at -78 - -30℃; for 1.5h; Inert atmosphere; | 99% |
With triethylamine In acetone for 0.5h; Cooling with ice; | 98% |
morpholine
1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-triazine
2-chloro-4,6-di-morpholin-4-yl-[1,3,5]triazine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In dichloromethane at 0 - 40℃; for 3h; | 100% |
In dichloromethane; water at 0 - 5℃; for 3.25h; Large scale; | 98% |
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 1h; | 95% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
100% | |
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In dichloromethane; water at 0 - 20℃; | 86.5% |
With triethylamine In diethyl ether at 0℃; | 82% |
morpholine
1,4-dibromo-2-nitrobenzene
4-(4-bromo-2-nitro-phenyl)-morpholine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In isopropyl alcohol | 100% |
With triethylamine In isopropyl alcohol at 70℃; for 24h; | 73% |
morpholine
ethyl 2-phenyl-2-bromoacetate
α-morpholine ethyl phenylacetate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine In acetonitrile at 20℃; for 1.5h; | 100% |
With N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine In acetonitrile at 20℃; for 1.5h; | 100% |
With triethylamine at 20℃; | 80% |
With isopropyl alcohol |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With zirconium(IV) chloride at 20℃; for 0.25h; | 100% |
With zinc(II) perchlorate hexahydrate at 80℃; for 1h; | 100% |
With zinc(II) bis(tetrafluoroborate) hydrate at 20℃; for 2h; Neat (no solvent); | 97% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With copper(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) In water at 20℃; for 0.0333333h; | 100% |
In benzene at 20℃; for 16h; Inert atmosphere; | 99% |
In benzene Reflux; | 95% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With copper(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) In water at 20℃; for 0.0333333h; | 100% |
at 50℃; for 0.333333h; Molecular sieve; Microwave irradiation; | 98% |
at 100℃; for 0.166667h; Microwave irradiation; Neat (no solvent); | 95% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 0 - 20℃; for 48.3333h; | 100% |
In diethyl ether at 20℃; for 18h; | 99.2% |
In diethyl ether at 20℃; for 0.75h; Addition; | 97% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In benzene for 0.5h; Reflux; | 100% |
In toluene for 8h; | 92% |
In benzene for 0.5h; Alkylation; Heating; | 91% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran at 50℃; under 4500360 Torr; for 20h; | 100% |
With potassium carbonate In dimethyl sulfoxide at 120℃; for 19h; | 100% |
In tetrahydrofuran at 50℃; under 10000 Torr; for 2h; Product distribution; other pressure; | 99.7% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran at 50℃; under 4500360 Torr; for 20h; | 100% |
With potassium carbonate In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 100℃; for 6h; | 99% |
With potassium phosphate; Al2O3#dotCo(2+) In water at 100℃; for 7h; | 90% |
morpholine
2-Bromo-4'-phenylacetophenone
1-biphenyl-4-yl-2-morpholin-4-yl-ethanone
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: morpholine; 2-Bromo-4'-phenylacetophenone In diethyl ether; dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; for 1h; Stage #2: With sodium hydrogencarbonate In dichloromethane; water Product distribution / selectivity; | 100% |
With triethylamine In diethyl ether at 0 - 20℃; for 2.5h; Product distribution / selectivity; | 93% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In methanol | 100% |
With zirconium(IV) chloride In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 1h; Michael addition; | 100% |
With poly(ethylene glycol) 2000; ruthenium trichloride at 50℃; for 6h; aza-Michael addition; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium carbonate In toluene at 60℃; for 2h; | 100% |
Stage #1: morpholine; chloroacetyl chloride With triethylamine In dichloromethane at 0 - 27℃; for 2h; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In dichloromethane; water | 100% |
With triethylamine In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; for 6h; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) at 20℃; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene In 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at 40℃; for 4h; | 87% |
at 130℃; for 4h; | 75% |
morpholine
2,5-dichloronitrobenzene
4-(4-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl)morpholine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran at 50℃; under 4500360 Torr; for 20h; | 100% |
at 2℃; Heating; | 50% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With [NO(1+)*18-crown-6*H(NO3)2(1-)] In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 0.0833333h; | 100% |
With silica gel; zinc(II) chloride; sodium nitrite In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 0.75h; Nitrosation; | 99% |
With Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate; tetrabutylammonium perchlorate In acetonitrile at 70℃; Kinetics; Reagent/catalyst; Inert atmosphere; Electrolysis; Green chemistry; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sulfuryl dichloride In acetonitrile for 24h; Heating / reflux; | 100% |
With hydrogenchloride; sodium hypochlorite; sulfur dioxide; chlorine In dichloromethane; water | 60% |
With hydrogenchloride; sodium hypochlorite; sulfur dioxide; chlorine In dichloromethane; water | 60% |
morpholine
Phenyl glycidyl ether
4-(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl)morpholine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol at 20℃; for 6h; regioselective reaction; | 100% |
In water at 0 - 20℃; | 97% |
With sulfated zirconia In neat (no solvent) at 20℃; for 3h; regioselective reaction; | 97% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In ethanol for 24h; Heating; | 100% |
With zinc(II) chloride In water at 60℃; for 8h; regioselective reaction; | 96% |
In water at 0 - 5℃; for 4h; | 92% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 120℃; for 9h; | 100% |
for 72h; Heating; | 95% |
at 100℃; for 4h; Neat (no solvent); | 95% |
Molecular structure of Morpholine (CAS NO.110-91-8) is:
Product Name: Morpholine
CAS Registry Number: 110-91-8
IUPAC Name: morpholine
Molecular Weight: 87.12036 [g/mol]
Molecular Formula: C4H9NO
XLogP3: -0.9
H-Bond Donor: 1
H-Bond Acceptor: 2
EINECS: 203-815-1
Melting Point: -5 °C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.454(lit.)
Storage temp.: Store at R.T.
Water Solubility: MISCIBLE
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Surface Tension: 29.2 dyne/cm
Density: 0.931 g/cm3
Flash Point: 35.6 °C
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 36.66 kJ/mol
Boiling Point: 128.9 °C at 760 mmHg
Vapour Pressure: 10.4 mmHg at 25°C
Product Categories: Organic Chemicals;BasesChemical Synthesis;Organic Bases;Supported Reagents;Supported Synthesis;Synthetic Reagents
Morpholine (CAS NO.110-91-8) is a common additive because its volatility is about the same as water. Morpholine is often used in conjunction with low concentrations of hydrazine or ammonia to provide a comprehensive all-volatile treatment chemistry for corrosion protection for the steam systems of such plants.
Morpholine (CAS NO.110-91-8) may be produced by the dehydration of diethanolamine with sulfuric acid.
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
guinea pig | LDLo | oral | 100mg/kg (100mg/kg) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: OTHER CHANGES: OLFACTION GASTROINTESTINAL: ULCERATION OR BLEEDING FROM STOMACH GASTROINTESTINAL: ULCERATION OR BLEEDING FROM SMALL INTESTINE | Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Vol. 21, Pg. 236, 1939. |
mammal (species unspecified) | LC50 | inhalation | 12000mg/m3 (12000mg/m3) | Toksikologiya Novykh Promyshlennykh Khimicheskikh Veshchestv. Toxicology of New Industrial Chemical Substances. For English translation, see TNICS*. Vol. 14, Pg. 90, 1975. | |
mammal (species unspecified) | LD50 | oral | 1220mg/kg (1220mg/kg) | Toksikologiya Novykh Promyshlennykh Khimicheskikh Veshchestv. Toxicology of New Industrial Chemical Substances. For English translation, see TNICS*. Vol. 14, Pg. 90, 1975. | |
mouse | LC50 | inhalation | 1320mg/m3/2H (1320mg/m3) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: LACRIMATION: EYE BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CYANOSIS | Toksikologiya Novykh Promyshlennykh Khimicheskikh Veshchestv. Toxicology of New Industrial Chemical Substances. For English translation, see TNICS*. Vol. 8, Pg. 60, 1966. |
mouse | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 413mg/kg (413mg/kg) | Cancer Vol. 2, Pg. 1055, 1949. | |
mouse | LD50 | oral | 525mg/kg (525mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: SLEEP BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) | Biomedica Biochimica Acta. Vol. 44, Pg. 795, 1985. |
mouse | LD50 | subcutaneous | 458mg/kg (458mg/kg) | United States Patent Document. Vol. #4576951, | |
rabbit | LD50 | skin | 500uL/kg (0.5mL/kg) | AMA Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine. Vol. 10, Pg. 61, 1954. | |
rat | LC50 | inhalation | 8000ppm/8H (8000ppm) | Raw Material Data Handbook, Vol.1: Organic Solvents, 1974. Vol. 1, Pg. 85, 1974. | |
rat | LD50 | oral | 1450mg/kg (1450mg/kg) | Toksikologiya Novykh Promyshlennykh Khimicheskikh Veshchestv. Toxicology of New Industrial Chemical Substances. For English translation, see TNICS*. Vol. 10, Pg. 25, 1968. | |
rat | LDLo | unreported | 1600mg/kg (1600mg/kg) | "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969Vol. -, Pg. 662, 1969. |
Moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and intraperitoneal routes. Mutation data reported. A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Can cause kidney damage. Questionable carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data. Flammable liquid. A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to flame, heat, or oxidizers; can react with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. Mixtures with nitromethane are explosive. May ignite spontaneously in contact with cellulose nitrate of high surface area. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of NOx.
Hazard Codes: C
Risk Statements: 10-20/21/22-34
R10:Flammable.
R20/21/22:Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R34:Causes burns.
Safety Statements: 23-36-45
S23:Do not breathe vapour.
S36:Wear suitable protective clothing.
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.)
RIDADR: UN 2054 8/PG 1
WGK Germany: 3
RTECS: QD6475000
HazardClass: 8
PackingGroup: I
Morpholine , its cas register number is 110-91-8. It also can be called Tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine ; 1-Oxa-4-azacyclohexane ; 2H-1,4-Oxazine, tetrahydro- ; 4H-1,4-Oxazine, tetrahydro- ; Diethylene imidoxide ; Diethylene oximide ; Tetrahydro-1,4-isoxazine ; Tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine ; Tetrahydro-p-oxazine ; p-Isoxazine, tetrahydro- .It is a aqueous solution with a fishlike odor.It is highly flammable and water soluble.It dissolved in water neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. It may cause toxic effects if inhaled or ingested/swallowed. Morpholine decomposes reasonably slowly in the absence of oxygen even at the high temperatures and pressures in these steam systems.
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