Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With C24H13Cu2F9N4O7; oxygen In isopropyl alcohol at 90℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 24h; | 100% |
With manganese (IV) dioxide In acetonitrile at 25℃; under 760.051 Torr; | 99.3% |
With 2,6-dimethylpyridine; sodium perchlorate In acetonitrile electrolysis; | 98.6% |
2,2'-dimethoxy-1,1'-binaphthyl
A
2-hydroxy-2'-methoxy-1,1'-binaphthyl
B
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With niobium pentachloride In toluene for 0.5h; Heating; | A 99% B 1% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With palladium diacetate In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 36h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; enantioselective reaction; | 98% |
With iron(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate In 1,2-dichloro-ethane for 10h; Reflux; Inert atmosphere; regioselective reaction; | 42% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With copper dichloride at 50 - 55℃; for 0.583333h; Neat (no solvent); | A 5% B 95% |
With hydrogenchloride; iron(III) chloride |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With lithium aluminium tetrahydride In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃; for 2h; | 95% |
With lithium aluminium tetrahydride In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃; |
rac-2,2'-bis-(methoxymethoxy)-1,1'-binaphthalene
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With 1-thiopropane; zinc dibromide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 0.116667h; Inert atmosphere; | 95% |
C38H20Cl2O4
B
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium hydroxide In ethanol | A 93% B n/a |
<1,1'-Binaphthalene>-2,2'-diol dibutanoate
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium hydroxide In ethanol at 25℃; for 18h; | 92% |
C38H21NO6
B
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium hydroxide In ethanol | A 91% B n/a |
C34H17Cl2NO6
B
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium hydroxide In ethanol | A 90% B 88% |
<1,1'-Binaphthalene>-2,2'-diol butanoate
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium hydroxide In ethanol at 25℃; for 24h; | 90% |
3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid methyl ester
β-naphthol
A
dimethyl 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthalene-3,3'-dicarboxylate
B
(aS)-methyl 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthalene-3-carboxylate
C
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With tert-butylamine; copper dichloride In methanol at 50℃; for 0.75h; oxidative cross-coupling; | A n/a B 87% C n/a |
With tert-butylamine; copper dichloride In methanol at 50℃; for 0.5h; Yields of byproduct given; | A n/a B 86% C n/a |
With tert-butylamine In methanol for 3h; Ambient temperature; | A 7 % Chromat. B 81% C 4 % Chromat. |
2,2'-bis(benzyloxy)-1,1'-binaphthalene
A
(rac)-2′-benzyloxy-1,1′-binaphtalene-2-ol
B
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With niobium pentachloride In toluene at -78℃; for 3h; | A 87% B 8% |
naphthalen-2-ylamine
β-naphthol
A
7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
B
1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'-diamine
C
2-amino-2’-hydroxy-1,1’-binaphthyl
D
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With rac-methylbenzylamine In methanol for 48h; Ambient temperature; | A 1 % Chromat. B 2 % Chromat. C 85% D 6 % Chromat. |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With lithium aluminium tetrahydride In tetrahydrofuran at -20℃; for 0.5h; | 85% |
β-naphthol
Dimethyl-p-toluidine
A
1-(2-(dimethylamino)-5-methylphenyl)naphthalene-2-ol
B
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With methanesulfonic acid; 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11,15,16,17,18,22,23,24,25-hexadecafluorophthalocyaninato-iron(II) In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 24h; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Green chemistry; | A 84% B 18% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; for 0.666667h; | A 83% B n/a |
2-methyl-1,2-epoxypropane
(S)-6,6'-dibromo-1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'-diol
A
6,6'-bis(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diol
B
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: (S)-6,6'-dibromo-1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'-diol With n-butyllithium In tetrahydrofuran; hexane at -78 - -70℃; for 5h; Inert atmosphere; Stage #2: 2-methyl-1,2-epoxypropane With boron trifluoride diethyl etherate In tetrahydrofuran; hexane at -78 - -40℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere; Stage #3: With hydrogenchloride In tetrahydrofuran; hexane; water at 20℃; pH=< 1; Cooling with ice; | A 82% B 5% |
4-methoxy-N,N-dimethylanilne
β-naphthol
A
1-(2-(dimethylamino)-5-methoxyphenyl)naphthalene-2-ol
B
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With methanesulfonic acid; 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11,15,16,17,18,22,23,24,25-hexadecafluorophthalocyaninato-iron(II) In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 24h; Green chemistry; | A 82% B 20% |
7,22-dihydro-8,21-dioxa-tetranaphtho<2,1-b:1',2'-d:2'',1''-h:1''',2'''-j>cyclododecene
A
2,2'-di(bromomethyl)-1,1'-binaphthalene
B
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With boron tribromide In dichloromethane for 1h; 0 deg C - room temperature; | A 66.6% B 81.1% |
With boron tribromide In dichloromethane for 1h; 0 deg C - room temperature; | A 54.5% B 72.7% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With carbon dioxide; zinc; palladium on activated charcoal In water at 20℃; under 7500.6 Torr; for 48h; Ullmann coupling; | 81% |
With copper at 230℃; | |
With copper | |
Multi-step reaction with 5 steps 1: sodium hydride / N,N-dimethyl-formamide 2: sulfuryl dichloride / dichloromethane 3: potassium carbonate / N,N-dimethyl-formamide 4: 1,10-Phenanthroline; potassium tert-butylate / pyridine / 4 h / 120 °C / Microwave irradiation; Inert atmosphere 5: hydrogenchloride / ethanol; water / 3 h / 50 °C View Scheme |
3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid methyl ester
β-naphthol
A
(aS)-methyl 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthalene-3-carboxylate
B
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With ytterbium(III) triflate; CuCl(OH)-TMEDA In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 24h; Product distribution; Further Variations:; Reagents; Solvents; Catalysts; time; | A 81% B n/a |
CuCl(OH)-TMEDA In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 48h; |
2,2′-bis(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-1,1′-binaphthalene
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium hydrogen difluoride In methanol at 20℃; for 48h; | 79% |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With boron tribromide In dichloromethane at -78℃; for 1h; | 78.7% |
1-bromo-2-naphthol
β-naphthol
A
1-bromo-2'-hydroxy-2,1'-dinaphthyl ether
B
(Naphthyl-(2))-(2-hydroxy-naphthyl-(1))-aether
C
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide at 100℃; for 4h; | A n/a B n/a C 77% |
With sodium hydroxide In toluene at 100℃; for 4h; Product distribution; Mechanism; var. base stoichiometry, var. solvents, var. base cation; other 2-naphthols; | |
With sodium hydroxide at 100℃; for 4h; Title compound not separated from byproducts; |
phenyl 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate
β-naphthol
B
diphenyl 2,2'-dihydroxy-[1,1'-binaphthalene]-3,3'-dicarboxylate
C
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With oxygen; (S,S)-2,2'-isopropylidenebis(4-phenyl-2-oxazoline); copper(l) chloride In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 3h; | A 72% B n/a C n/a |
butyl 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylate
β-naphthol
A
Butyl 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthalene-3-carboxylate
B
2,2'-Dihydroxy-[1,1']binaphthalenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester
C
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With tert-butylamine; copper dichloride In isopropyl alcohol at 50℃; for 2h; Yields of byproduct given; | A 71% B n/a C n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With iron(III) chloride hexahydrate In toluene at 60℃; for 5h; | A 15% B 71% |
4-(4-methylphenyl)morpholine
β-naphthol
A
1-(5-methyl-2-morpholinophenyl)naphthalen-2-ol
B
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With methanesulfonic acid; 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11,15,16,17,18,22,23,24,25-hexadecafluorophthalocyaninato-iron(II) In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 24h; Green chemistry; | A 71% B 34% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
zeolite HSZ-360 In various solvent(s) for 5h; Heating; | 100% |
With HY zeolite In 1,2-dichloro-benzene at 180℃; for 4h; | 94% |
In toluene Reflux; Acidic conditions; | 94% |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
(S)-6,6'-dibromo-1,1'-binaphthalene-2,2'-diol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With bromine In acetonitrile at 0℃; for 3h; | 100% |
With bromine In acetonitrile at 0℃; for 2.5h; | 99% |
With bromine at -78℃; | 99.9% |
chloromethyl methyl ether
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
rac-2,2'-bis-(methoxymethoxy)-1,1'-binaphthalene
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran at 0 - 20℃; Stage #2: chloromethyl methyl ether In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 4.5h; | 100% |
With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 4h; | 98% |
Stage #1: 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol With sodium hydride In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 0℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere; Stage #2: chloromethyl methyl ether In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 0 - 20℃; for 5h; Inert atmosphere; | 95% |
trifluoromethylsulfonic anhydride
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
(+/-)-2,2'-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)-1,1-binaphthyl
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With pyridine In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 6h; | 100% |
With 2,6-dimethylpyridine; dmap In dichloromethane | 99% |
With pyridine In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 6h; | 99% |
acetic anhydride
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
2,2'-diacetoxy-1,1'-binaphthyl
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
zeolite HSZ-360 In neat (no solvent) at 60℃; for 12h; | 100% |
With sodium hydroxide at 0 - 5℃; for 0.5h; | 98.6% |
With N,N'-diiodo-N,N'-1,2-ethanediylbis(p-toluenesulphonamide) at 80℃; for 0.25h; neat (no solvent); | 97% |
allyl methyl carbonate
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
2,2'-bis(2-propenyloxy)-1,1'-binaphthyl
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) In tetrahydrofuran at 25℃; for 24h; Condensation; | 100% |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
(Ra)-5,6,7,8,5',6',7',8'-octahydro-[1,1']binaphthalenyl-2,2'-diol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogen; Ru on alumina support In ethanol at 100℃; under 37503.8 - 45004.5 Torr; for 3h; Product distribution / selectivity; | 100% |
With hydrogen; 5%-palladium/activated carbon In ethanol at 50 - 100℃; under 37503.8 - 60006 Torr; for 0.5 - 5.5h; Product distribution / selectivity; | 98% |
With hydrogen; 5%-palladium/activated carbon In ethanol at 70℃; under 37503.8 - 45004.5 Torr; Conversion of starting material; | 98% |
With hydrogen; Ru/C In ethanol at 50 - 70℃; under 37503.8 - 45004.5 Torr; for 0.5 - 1.5h; Product distribution / selectivity; | 98% |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
(+/-)-2,2'-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)-1,1-binaphthyl
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
100% |
2,6-dimethylpyridine
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
(+/-)-2,2'-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)-1,1-binaphthyl
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With dmap; trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride In dichloromethane | 100% |
With dmap; trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride In dichloromethane | 100% |
benzenesulfonyl chloride
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
2-hydroxy-2'-phenylsulfonyloxy-1,1-binaphthyl
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With dmap; triethylamine In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; | 100% |
2-formylbenzene boronic acid
(R)-1-Phenylethylhydroxylamine
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With magnesium sulfate; caesium carbonate In chloroform-d1 for 0.25h; | 100% |
dichloro(thiophene-2-yl)phosphine
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
(1,1′-bi-2-naphthol(-2H))P(C4H3S)
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With triethylamine In tetrahydrofuran for 1h; | 100% |
poly(methacrylic acid)
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
(±)-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-2′-diyl dimetacrylate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With phosphoric acid; trifluoroacetic anhydride In water at 20℃; for 0.25h; | 100% |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
(R)-6,6'-dibromo-1,1'-binaphth-2-ol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With bromine In dichloromethane at -78℃; | 100% |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With fluorosulfonyl fluoride; 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene In acetonitrile at 20℃; Sealed tube; | 100% |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With perchloric acid; chloroform-d1; d(4)-methanol at 95℃; for 96h; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
bromoacetic acid
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Binaphtho-2,2'-diessigsaeure
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium carbonate In methanol for 6h; Heating; | 99.6% |
With potassium carbonate In methanol |
2,2'-di(bromomethyl)-1,1'-binaphthalene
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
A
7,22-dihydro-8,21-dioxa-tetranaphtho<2,1-b:1',2'-d:2'',1''-h:1''',2'''-j>cyclododecene
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With caesium carbonate In acetone for 24h; Heating; | A 99.3% B 98.9% |
allyl bromide
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
2,2'-bis(2-propenyloxy)-1,1'-binaphthyl
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium carbonate In acetone for 24h; Reflux; | 99% |
With potassium carbonate for 0.0666667h; Microwave irradiation; | 95% |
With potassium carbonate In acetone |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With n-BuLi In tetrahydrofuran; diethyl ether; hexane byproducts: HN(SiMe3)2; under anaerobic cond., 1 equiv. of n-BuLi in n-hexane was added to THF-soln. of naphthole-compd. at 0 °C, 1/3 equiv. of rare-earth compd.was added in Et2O to this soln., stirring at 0 °C for ca. 10 min; solvent was removed in vac., solid was recrystd. from THF-petroleum ether at -20 °C, elem. anal.; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With n-BuLi In tetrahydrofuran; diethyl ether; hexane byproducts: HN(SiMe3)2; under anaerobic cond., 1 equiv. of n-BuLi in n-hexane was added to THF-soln. of naphthole-compd. at 0 °C, 1/3 equiv. of rare-earth compd.was added in Et2O to this soln., stirring at 0 °C for ca. 10 min; solvent was removed in vac., solid was recrystd. from THF-petroleum ether at -20 °C; | 99% |
With n-BuLi In tetrahydrofuran; diethyl ether; hexane byproducts: HN(SiMe3)2; under anaerobic cond., 1 equiv. of n-BuLi in n-hexane was added to THF-soln. of naphthole-compd. at 0 °C, 1/3 equiv. of rare-earth compd.was added in Et2O to this soln., stirring at 0 °C for ca. 10 min; solvent was removed in vac., solid was recrystd. from THF-petroleum ether at -20 °C, elem. anal.; | 99% |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With t-BuLi In tetrahydrofuran; diethyl ether; hexane byproducts: HN(SiMe3)2; under anaerobic cond., 1 equiv. of t-BuLi in hexane was added to THF-soln. of naphthole-compd. at 0 °C, 1/3 equiv. rare-earth compd. was added in Et2O to this soln., stirring at 0 °C for ca. 10 min; solvent was removed in vac., solid was recrystd. from THF-petroleum ether at -20 °C; | 99% |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With n-BuLi In tetrahydrofuran; diethyl ether; hexane byproducts: HN(SiMe3)2; under anaerobic cond., 1 equiv. of n-BuLi in n-hexane was added to THF-soln. of naphthole-compd. at 0 °C, 1/3 equiv. of rare-earth compd.was added in Et2O to this soln., stirring at 0 °C for ca. 10 min; solvent was removed in vac., solid was recrystd. from THF-petroleum ether at -20 °C, elem. anal.; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol With potassium tert-butylate In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃; for 0.25h; Stage #2: Diphenyliodonium triflate In tetrahydrofuran at 40℃; for 0.75h; | 99% |
Stage #1: 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol With potassium tert-butylate In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃; for 0.25h; Stage #2: Diphenyliodonium triflate In tetrahydrofuran at 40℃; for 0.75h; | 99% |
With sodium hydroxide In water at 20 - 50℃; for 17.5h; | 98% |
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diyl sulfite
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With thionyl chloride; triethylamine In diethyl ether at 0℃; | 99% |
With pyridine; thionyl chloride In diethyl ether at 0℃; for 3h; Inert atmosphere; | 99% |
benzoic acid
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
(±)-1,1′-binaphthyl-2-2′-diyl dibenzoate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With phosphoric acid; trifluoroacetic anhydride In water at 20℃; for 0.25h; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In dichloromethane at 40℃; | 99% |
1-iodo-butane
carbon monoxide
1,1'-bi-2-naphthol
<1,1'-Binaphthalene>-2,2'-diol dipentanoate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With rhodium(III) chloride; 1,3-bis-(diphenylphosphino)propane; sodium carbonate; sodium bromide In 1,4-dioxane at 120℃; under 750.075 Torr; for 24h; Inert atmosphere; chemoselective reaction; | 99% |
The IUPAC name of Chiral binaphthol is 1-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)naphthalen-2-ol. With the CAS registry number 602-09-5, it is also named as 1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol. The product's categories are Intermediates of Dyes and Pigments; Naphthalene Derivatives; Aromatic Hydrocarbons (substituted) & Derivatives; API Intermediates; Miscellaneous, and the other registry number is 41024-90-2. Besides, it is white to beige powder, which should be stored in sealed, cool and dark place at 2-8 °C. In addition, its molecular formula is C20H14O2 and molecular weight is 286.33.
The other characteristics of this product can be summarized as: (1)EINECS: 210-014-0; (2)ACD/LogP: 4.86; (3)# of Rule of 5 Violations: 0; (4)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): 4.86; (5)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): 4.807; (6)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 2907.255; (7)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 2575.611; (8)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 10484.676; (9)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 9288.638; (10)#H bond acceptors: 2; (11)#H bond donors: 2; (12)#Freely Rotating Bonds: 3; (13)Index of Refraction: 1.758; (14)Molar Refractivity: 90.293 cm3; (15)Molar Volume: 219.809 cm3; (16)Surface Tension: 62.615 dyne/cm; (17)Density: 1.303 g/cm3; (18)Flash Point: 218.932 °C; (19)Melting Point: 215-218 °C; (20)Solubility: Dioxane: 50 mg/mL; (21)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 75.079 kJ/mol; (22)Boiling Point: 462.104 °C at 760 mmHg; (23)Vapour Pressure: 0 mmHg at 25 °C.
Preparation of Chiral binaphthol: this chemical can be prepared by coupling of 2-Naphthol with Copper(II) chloride.
You also can use iron(III) chloride as an oxidant to produce it. Additionally, this product is obtained from racemic Binol by optical resolution.
Uses of Chiral binaphthol: this chemical is often used as a ligand for transition-metal catalysed asymmetric synthesis. Similarly, it can react with Lithium aluminium hydride to get AlLibis(binaphthoxide).
When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following: it is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. It is also toxic if swallowed. In case of contact with eyes, please rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. And you should wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. Moreover, in case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.)
People can use the following data to convert to the molecule structure.
(1)SMILES: c1ccc2c(c1)ccc(c2c3c4ccccc4ccc3O)O
(2)InChI: InChI=1/C20H14O2/c21-17-11-9-13-5-1-3-7-15(13)19(17)20-16-8-4-2-6-14(16)10-12-18(20)22/h1-12,21-22H
(3)InChIKey: PPTXVXKCQZKFBN-UHFFFAOYAX
The toxicity data is as follows:
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
mouse | LDLo | oral | 42mg/kg (42mg/kg) | Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 111, 1985. |
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