Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With CuO2H at 45℃; for 4h; under 30W sonication; | 100% |
With PQQTME; calcium perchlorate; 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene In acetonitrile Oxidation; | 100% |
With oxygen; iron(III) perchlorate; ozone Kinetics; Reagent/catalyst; Concentration; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) dichloride; py.Co(N,N'-bis(alicylidene-o-phenylene)diamino).NO2 In tetrahydrofuran at 50℃; under 760 Torr; for 0.916667h; | 100% |
With bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) dichloride; py.Co(N,N'-bis(alicylidene-o-phenylene)diamino).NO2 In tetrahydrofuran at 50℃; under 760 Torr; for 0.916667h; Product distribution; influence of Pd/Co ratio, solvent, further olefins; | 100% |
With aluminum(III) sulfate; water at 350 - 360℃; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With 1,3-dicyclohexylimidazolium-2-thiocarboxylate In tetrahydrofuran at 80℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere; | A 100% B n/a |
With lipase from Pseudomonas Cepacia In benzene at 35℃; other ω-substituted-1-alkanols, var. solvents; kinetic parameters of transesterification; |
hydridopentacarbonylrhenium(I)
[D3]acetonitrile
A
(CO)5ReMn(CO)4(C(2)H3CN)
B
acetaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In [D3]acetonitrile MeMn(CO)5, CD3CN, and HRe(CO)5 were vac. transferred into an NMR tube, the tube was sealed, thawed, and rapidly placed in the instrument probe (ca. 30°C), reaction was complete within 35 min; followed by (1)H NMR, MeCHO was identified by (1)H NMR, (CO)5ReMn(CO)4(CD3CN) was isolated by preparative layer chromy. on SiO2 followed by recrystn. from CH2Cl2/hexanes (ca. 1:3) at -25°C; elem. anal.; | A 62% B 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In [D3]acetonitrile MeMn(CO)5, H2Os(CO)4 (2:1 molar ratio), and CD3CN were sealed in a NMR tube under vac., the tube was thawed, reaction was complete in 70 min; monitored by (1)H NMR, yield of MeCHO was detd. by integration of the corresponding peak in the (1)H NMR spectrum, Mn2Os(CO)14 was identified by its IR and mass spectra; | A n/a B 100% |
With carbon monoxide In tetrahydrofuran MeMn(CO)5 and H2Os(CO)4 (2:1 molar ratio) in THF were reacted overnightat room temp. (IR spectrum showed the presence of MeCHO), soln. was frozen, degassed, and CO (2 atm) admitted, reaction was stirred overnight at room temp.; product was isolated via preparative layer chromy.; | A 68% B n/a |
With carbon monoxide In acetonitrile MeMn(CO)5, H2Os(CO)4 (2:1 molar ratio), and MeCN were reacted for 8 h at room temp., solvent was removed under vac., residue taken up in CH2Cl2, soln. was frozen, degassed, and CO (2 atm) admitted, reaction was stirred for 32 h in the dark at room temp.; product was isolated via preparative layer chromy.; | A 62% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium carbonate In water; dimethyl sulfoxide at 60℃; for 8h; High pressure; Green chemistry; | 99.9% |
With tin(ll) chloride | |
With tris(2,2-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate; triethylamine Quantum yield; Product distribution; Mechanism; Irradiation; further metal-complexes; |
vinyl acetate
(2E)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-ol
A
Cinnamyl acetate
B
acetaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
[(nBuSn)12(μ3-O)14(μ2-OH)6](2+)*2(2,5-Me2C6H3SO3(1-)) at 75℃; for 4.5h; | A 99% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With Fe(3+) In ethanol; water Kinetics; byproducts: H(1+); excess of Fe(3+) in 1 M aq. EtOH at 24.8°C under N2 by controlled ionic strength; | A n/a B 99% |
With Cu(2+) In ethanol; water Kinetics; byproducts: H(1+); excess of Cu(2+) in 1 M aq. EtOH at 24.8°C under N2 by controlled ionic strength; | A n/a B >99 |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With ethanol at 50℃; for 0.166667h; chemoselective reaction; | 98% |
durch thermische Zersetzung; | |
durch thermische Zersetzung; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With carbon monoxide In diethyl ether Et2O soln. of Ni complex stirred under CO at -78°C for 0.2 h, warmed to room temp.; drying up; GLC anal.; | A n/a B 0% C 0% D 98% |
A
N-m-tolyl-benzenesulfonamide
B
acetaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With formic acid at 50℃; | A 98% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sulfuric acid; water In neat (no solvent) at 80 - 100℃; for 3.5h; Temperature; | 97% |
Hydrolysis; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water; hydrogenchloride In 1,4-dioxane Rate constant; Equilibrium constant; Ambient temperature; effect of alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides and concentrations of alkali-metal chlorides and HCl; | A n/a B 97% |
vinyl acetate
1-Phenylethanol
A
1-phenylethyl acetate
B
acetaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
[(nBuSn)12(μ3-O)14(μ2-OH)6](2+)*2(2,5-Me2C6H3SO3(1-)) at 75℃; for 5.5h; | A 97% B n/a |
In isopropyl ether at 23℃; Enzymatic reaction; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With formic acid at 50℃; | A 97% B n/a |
vinyl acetate
2-benzyl-1,3-propanediol
A
(R)-3-acetoxy-2-benzyl-1-propanol
B
acetaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Lipase P at 25℃; for 1.5h; | A 96% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water; hydrogenchloride In 1,4-dioxane Rate constant; Equilibrium constant; Ambient temperature; effect of alkali-metal chlorides; | A n/a B 96% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With formic acid at 50℃; Reagent/catalyst; | A 96% B n/a |
B
acetaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With formic acid at 50℃; | A 96% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With formic acid at 50℃; | A 96% B n/a |
percarbonate de O,O-α-cumyle et O-vinyle
A
carbon dioxide
B
1-methyl-1-phenylethyl alcohol
C
2-phenoxypropene
D
acetaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In various solvent(s) Product distribution; other solvent; | A n/a B n/a C 95% D n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With formic acid at 50℃; | A 95% B n/a |
(4aS,10aR)-2,4a,9-Trimethyl-4a,10a-dihydro-1,3,4-trioxa-phenanthrene
(1S,2R)-1,4-Dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-naphthalene-1,2-diol
B
acetaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With acetic acid; zinc In diethyl ether at -5℃; for 1.5h; | A 94% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With oxygen; ozone In gas Product distribution; gas-phase ozonolysis of alkenes; formation of OH radicals; use of CO as scavenger for OH radicals; | 94% |
With ozone at 24.85℃; under 760 Torr; for 0.166667h; Oxidation; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With oxygen; kieselguhr; copper(l) chloride In dichloromethane for 1.5h; Oxidation; Heating; | 94% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 800℃; Product distribution; other temperatures; | A 93% B n/a |
β-isopropoxyethyl vinyl sulfoxide
acetaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 280 - 290℃; for 1.5h; Product distribution; | 93% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With tetra(n-butyl)ammonium hydroxide; water at 150℃; for 0.166667h; Reagent/catalyst; Microwave irradiation; Green chemistry; | A n/a B 93% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With formic acid at 50℃; | A 93% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With C30H38Cl2Ir2N4 In dimethyl sulfoxide at 30℃; for 4.5h; | 93% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With ion-exchange resin Lewatit SPC 108 (acid form) In 1,4-dioxane; water at 20℃; for 1h; | 100% |
With N-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)phosphoramidic acid diphenyl ester In toluene at 20 - 95℃; for 5h; | 81% |
With o-benzenedisulfonimide In toluene at 90℃; for 5h; | 80% |
With hydrogenchloride | |
With improved graphene oxide In neat (no solvent) at 60℃; for 6h; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With boron trifluoride diethyl etherate In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 1h; | 100% |
acid | 74% |
With toluene-4-sulfonic acid In benzene for 6h; Heating; | 70% |
N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide
acetaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With amberlyst-15 In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 2h; Inert atmosphere; Molecular sieve; | 100% |
With hydrogenchloride; benzene |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; thiamine diphosphate chloride hydrochloride In methanol at 37℃; for 5.5h; | 100% |
Vergaerung durch Essigbakterien; | |
durch Hefe; Ausbeute ist groesser,wenn zu der gaerenden Brenztraubensaeure-Loesung gleich nach Beginn der Gaerung noch Acetalehyd zugesetzt wird; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With perchloric acid; 9,10-dihydro-10-methylacridine In acetonitrile at 59.9℃; for 1h; Product distribution; other aldehydes and ketones; primary kinetic isotope effects (kH/kD); | 100% |
With tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) chloride; formic acid; tributyl-amine In various solvent(s) for 0.5h; Ambient temperature; | 89% |
With ammonium chloride; zinc In tetrahydrofuran; water at 20℃; for 0.333333h; | 84% |
trimethylsilyl cyanide
acetaldehyde
2-<(trimethylsilyl)oxy>propanenitrile
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With Zr(IV) metal-organic framework with 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate in anhydrous form In dichloromethane at 40℃; for 46h; Inert atmosphere; Reflux; | 100% |
With Eu2(benzene-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacarboxylate)(H2O)3 In acetonitrile at 20 - 100℃; for 3h; | 99% |
With {[Zn3(1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene)4(μ-OOCC2H5)4](1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene)(ClO4)2}n In dichloromethane Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent; | 82% |
acetaldehyde
phenylacetylene
4-phenyl-but-3-yn-2-ol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With n-butyllithium; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine In tetrahydrofuran at -78 - 20℃; for 2h; | 100% |
Stage #1: phenylacetylene With n-butyllithium In diethyl ether; hexane at -78℃; for 0.5h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; Stage #2: acetaldehyde In diethyl ether; hexane at -78 - 20℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; | 98% |
Stage #1: phenylacetylene With n-butyllithium In tetrahydrofuran; hexane for 0.5h; Cooling with ice; Stage #2: acetaldehyde In tetrahydrofuran; hexane | 87% |
2-Methylthiophene
acetaldehyde
2-methyl-5-(1-(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)ethyl)thiophene
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With ion-exchange resin Lewatit SPC 108 (acid form) In 1,4-dioxane; water at 20℃; for 1.5h; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sulfuric acid In ethanol for 4h; Heating; | 100% |
With molecular sieve for 3h; Ambient temperature; | 39% |
3-(tetrahydropyran-2'-yloxy)propyne
acetaldehyde
5-<(Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy>-3-pentyn-2-ol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: 3-(tetrahydropyran-2'-yloxy)propyne With n-butyllithium In tetrahydrofuran; hexane at -78℃; for 2h; Stage #2: acetaldehyde In tetrahydrofuran; hexane at -78℃; for 1h; Further stages.; | 100% |
With n-butyllithium; N,N,N,N,-tetramethylethylenediamine In tetrahydrofuran at -78 - 20℃; for 2h; | 95% |
Stage #1: 3-(tetrahydropyran-2'-yloxy)propyne With n-butyllithium In tetrahydrofuran; hexane at -78 - 0℃; Inert atmosphere; Stage #2: acetaldehyde In tetrahydrofuran; hexane at -78 - 20℃; Inert atmosphere; | 89% |
trimethylsilyl cyanide
2,4-Dichloroaniline
acetaldehyde
2-(2,4-Dichloro-phenylamino)-propionitrile
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water In dichloromethane for 24h; Ambient temperature; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With acetic acid In methanol for 12h; | 100% |
2-Aminobenzyl alcohol
acetaldehyde
2-methyl-1,4-dihydro-2H-benz[d][1,3]oxazine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With calcium chloride In dichloromethane | 100% |
With magnesium sulfate In tetrahydrofuran at 60℃; for 3h; | 75% |
In benzene |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With boron trifluoride diethyl etherate In diethyl ether at -70℃; for 1h; | 100% |
With boron trifluoride diethyl etherate In diethyl ether at -78℃; for 2h; | 89% |
With boron trifluoride In diethyl ether at -78℃; for 2h; hetero-Diels-Alder reaction; | 88% |
methylene bis phosphonate de diethyle
acetaldehyde
2-ethoxy-2-(2',2'-diethoxy-3',5'-dimethyl-1',4',2'-dioxaphospholanyl)methylene-3,5-dimethyl-1,4,2-dioxaphospholane
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) 1) 20 deg C, 2h, 2) 0.5 mm Hg, 20 deg C; | 100% |
N-(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)hydroxylamine
acetaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In ethanol | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With magnesium sulfate In diethyl ether at 0℃; for 82h; | 100% |
2-(2'-Hydroxy-5'-nitrophenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride
acetaldehyde
N,N-Diethyl-2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-nitrophenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium cyanoborohydride In methanol pH 6-8; | 100% |
Ethyl isocyanoacetate
acetaldehyde
5-Methyl-4,5-dihydro-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
triethylamine; copper(l) chloride In tetrahydrofuran for 10h; Ambient temperature; | 100% |
(4aR,7R,8aR)-4,4,7-Trimethyl-hexahydro-1-oxa-3-thia-naphthalene
acetaldehyde
1-((2R,4aR,7R,8aR)-4,4,7-Trimethyl-hexahydro-1-oxa-3-thia-naphthalen-2-yl)-ethanol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With n-butyllithium 1.) THF, -78 deg C; | 100% |
1R,2S-N,N-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3-methyl-1,3-diaminoethane
acetaldehyde
(1S,2S,3R,4S,5R)-1,2,3,4-Tetramethyl-5-phenyl-imidazolidine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In chloroform for 24h; Ambient temperature; | 100% |
1-mercaptomethyl-2-(α-mercaptoethyl)benzene
acetaldehyde
cis-2,4-dimethyl-1,3-dithia-5,6-benzocycloheptene
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogenchloride In 1,4-dioxane for 0.25h; | 100% |
methyl 5-methoxybenzocyclobutene-1-carboxylate
acetaldehyde
methyl 1-(1-hydroxyethyl)-5-methoxybenzocyclobutene-1-carboxylate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With n-butyllithium; diisopropylamine; lithium diisopropyl amide In tetrahydrofuran; hexane at -78℃; for 0.833333h; | 100% |
potassium cyanide
acetaldehyde
2-amino-1-phenylpropane
2-<(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)amino>propanenitrile
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydrogensulfite In methanol; water Ambient temperature; | 100% |
acetaldehyde
N-benzyl hydroxylalmine
5(Z)-N-ethylidene-1-phenylmethanamine N-oxide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 1h; | 100% |
With sodium sulfate In dichloromethane Ambient temperature; | 55% |
acetaldehyde
N-benzyl hydroxylalmine
N-ethylidenebenzylamine N-oxide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With magnesium sulfate In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
With magnesium sulfate In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
With magnesium sulfate In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
acetaldehyde
1-Phenylazo-ethylamine
3,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In chloroform Ambient temperature; | 100% |
acetaldehyde
(1S*,2R*)-cis-bicyclo<3.3.0>oct-3,7-diene-2-spiro-4'-<(α,α-bis(phenylsulfenyl))-γ-butyrolactone>
(1S*,2R*)-cis-bicyclo<3.3.0>oct-3,7-diene-2-spiro-4'-<α-(1-hydroxyethyl)-α-(Phenylsulfenyl)-γ-butyrolactone>
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With ethylmagnesium bromide In tetrahydrofuran; diethyl ether 1.) 0 deg C; | 100% |
With ethylmagnesium bromide | 100% |
The Acetaldehyde, with the CAS registry number 75-07-0 and EINECS registry number 200-001-8, is a kind of colourless clear liquid with the molecular formula of C2H4O. It is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale industrially. Acetaldehyde can be found naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and it is produced by plants as part of their normal metabolism.
The physical properties of Acetaldehyde are as followings: (1)# of Rule of 5 Violations: 0; (2)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1; (3)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1; (4)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 20.875; (5)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 20.875; (6)#H bond acceptors: 1; (7)#H bond donors: 0; (8)#Freely Rotating Bonds: 0; (9)Polar Surface Area: 17.07 Å2; (10)Index of Refraction: 1.315; (11)Molar Refractivity: 11.501 cm3; (12)Molar Volume: 58.868 cm3; (13)Polarizability: 4.56×10-24cm3; (14)Surface Tension: 17.618 dyne/cm; (15)Density: 0.748 g/cm3; (16)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 25.76 kJ/mol; (17)Boiling Point: 18.588 °C at 760 mmHg; (18)Vapour Pressure: 964.536 mmHg at 25°C.
Preparation: The main production method is the oxidation of ethylene via the Wacker process:
2CH2=CH2+O2 → 2CH3CHO
Uses: It is usually used as a precursor to acetic acid, but this application has declined because it can be made more efficiently from methanol by the Monsanto and Cativa processes. And in terms of condensation reactions, acetaldehyde is an important precursor to pyridine derivatives, pentaerythritol, and crotonaldehyde.
You should be cautious while dealing with this chemical. It is a kind of extremely flammable chemical which irritates to eyes and respiratory system. And there's limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. Therefore, you had better take the following instructions: Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking; Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves; Take precautionary measures against static discharges.
You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)SMILES: CC=O
(2)InChI: InChI=1/C2H4O/c1-2-3/h2H,1H3
(3)InChIKey: IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYAB
The toxicity data is as follows:
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
frog | LDLo | intravenous | 800mg/kg (800mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: GENERAL ANESTHETIC CARDIAC: OTHER CHANGES LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 30, Pg. 429, 1927. |
hamster | LC50 | inhalation | 17000ppm/4H (17000ppm) | Progress in Experimental Tumor Research. Vol. 24, Pg. 162, 1979. | |
hamster | LD50 | intratracheal | 96mg/kg (96mg/kg) | Progress in Experimental Tumor Research. Vol. 24, Pg. 162, 1979. | |
human | TCLo | inhalation | 134ppm/30M (134ppm) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES | JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 165, Pg. 1908, 1957. |
mammal (species unspecified) | LC50 | inhalation | 20100mg/m3 (20100mg/m3) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: OTHER: EYE BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA | Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 19(7), Pg. 54, 1975. |
mouse | LC50 | inhalation | 23gm/m3/4H (23000mg/m3) | Current Toxicology. Vol. 1, Pg. 47, 1993. | |
mouse | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 500mg/kg (500mg/kg) | IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Vol. 36, Pg. 101, 1985. | |
mouse | LD50 | oral | 900mg/kg (900mg/kg) | Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 25(11), Pg. 57, 1981. | |
mouse | LD50 | subcutaneous | 560mg/kg (560mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: GENERAL ANESTHETIC | Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 6, Pg. 299, 1950. |
rabbit | LD50 | skin | 3540mg/kg (3540mg/kg) | Union Carbide Data Sheet. Vol. 12/13/1963, | |
rabbit | LDLo | intravenous | 300mg/kg (300mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 30, Pg. 429, 1927. |
rabbit | LDLo | subcutaneous | 1200mg/kg (1200mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 30, Pg. 429, 1927. |
rat | LC50 | inhalation | 13300ppm/4H (13300ppm) | BEHAVIORAL: EXCITEMENT LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA | National Technical Information Service. Vol. OTS0534485, |
rat | LD50 | oral | 661mg/kg (661mg/kg) | PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SENSATION: SPASTIC PARALYSIS WITH OR WITHOUT SENSORY CHANGE BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA | Agents and Actions, A Swiss Journal of Pharmacology. Vol. 4, Pg. 125, 1974. |
rat | LD50 | subcutaneous | 640mg/kg (640mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: GENERAL ANESTHETIC | Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica. Vol. 6, Pg. 299, 1950. |
rat | LDLo | intraperitoneal | 500mg/kg (500mg/kg) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES | Journal of Biological Chemistry. Vol. 152, Pg. 41, 1944. |
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