Bromotrichloromethane
N,N,N',N'-Tetraisopropyl-P-methylphosphonous diamide
A
chloroform
B
P-(bromomethyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetraisopropylphosphonous diamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In diethyl ether for 0.25h; Ambient temperature; | A 100% B 45% |
In diethyl ether for 0.25h; Ambient temperature; or P-ethyl-N,N,N',N'-tetraisopropylphosphonous diamide; | A n/a B 45% |
Bromotrichloromethane
P-ethyl-N,N,N',N'-tetraisopropylphosphonous diamide
A
chloroform
B
P-(1-bromoethyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetraisopropylphosphonous diamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In diethyl ether for 0.25h; Ambient temperature; | A 100% B 45% |
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one
isopropylamine
A
chloroform
B
N-Isopropyl-2,2,2-trichloroacetamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane | A n/a B 100% |
pentachloroacetone
isopropylamine
A
chloroform
B
N-Isopropyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane for 0.5h; | A n/a B 100% |
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one
N-butylamine
A
chloroform
B
trichloro-acetic acid butylamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane | A n/a B 100% |
pentachloroacetone
methylamine
A
chloroform
B
2,2-dichloro-N-methylacetamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane Heating; | A n/a B 100% |
1,1,1,3,3-pentachlorobutanone
methylamine
A
chloroform
B
2,2-Dichloro-N-methyl-propionamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane Heating; | A n/a B 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With tetrachloromethane In toluene under Ar; excess of CCl4 added to suspension of Cp3ZrH in PhMe; stirredat about 20°C for 5 h; stored overnight at 0-5°C; sepd. by pressure; dried in an Ar stream; elem. anal.; | A 99% B 89% |
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one
2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanol
A
chloroform
B
bis(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl) carbonate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium fluoride; zirconium(IV) oxide at 140℃; for 10h; Product distribution / selectivity; pressure tight reactor; | A 99% B 99% |
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one
2,2,2-trifluoroethanol
A
chloroform
B
bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium fluoride; zirconium(IV) oxide at 140℃; for 10h; pressure tight reactor; | A 99% B 99% |
N-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)benzenesulfonamide
complex of sulfur dioxide with dimethylamine
A
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene
B
chloroform
C
N,N-dimethyl-N′-(phenylsulfonyl)formimidamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 24h; | A n/a B n/a C 98% |
N-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)benzenesulfonamide
diethylamine
A
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene
B
chloroform
C
N1,N1-diethyl-N2-phenylsulfonylformamidine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In dichloromethane at 0℃; for 24h; | A n/a B n/a C 98% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With tetrachloromethane In toluene under Ar; elem. anal.; | A 98% B 62% |
Trichlormethansulfinsaeureanilid
A
chloroform
B
N-phenylsulfinylamine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium carbonate In acetonitrile Ambient temperature; | A n/a B 97.2% |
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one
1-amino-2-propene
A
chloroform
B
2,2,2-trichloro-N-(2-propenyl)acetamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane for 0.5h; | A n/a B 97% |
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one
ethanolamine
A
chloroform
B
2,2,2-trichloro-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane for 0.5h; | A n/a B 96% |
tetrachloromethane
di-n-propylmercury
B
1-Chloropropane
C
chloroform
D
n-propylmercury(II) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) 150°C, 60 h; further products; | A <1 B 96% C >99 D 5% E 95% |
pentachloroacetone
ethanolamine
A
chloroform
B
2,2-dichloro-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane for 0.5h; | A n/a B 95.4% |
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one
methylamine
A
chloroform
B
N-methyltrichloroacetamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane Heating; | A n/a B 95.2% |
tetrachloromethane
oxygen
diisopropylmercury
A
propane
B
isopropyl chloride
C
chloroform
D
isopropylmercury(II) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) 20°C, 96 h; further products; | A 4% B 48% C 30% D 95% E 5% |
pentachloroacetone
N-butylamine
A
chloroform
B
2,2-dichloro-N-butylacetamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane | A n/a B 93.9% |
1,1,1,3,3-pentachlorobutanone
ethanolamine
A
chloroform
B
2,2-Dichloro-N-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-propionamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane for 0.5h; | A n/a B 93.5% |
1,1,1,3,3-pentachlorobutanone
1-amino-2-propene
A
chloroform
B
N-Allyl-2,2-dichloro-propionamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane for 0.5h; | A n/a B 93.5% |
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one
ethanol
2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanol
A
chloroform
B
2,2,3,3-Tetrafluor-propyl-propionat
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-propan-2-one; ethanol With potassium fluoride at 30℃; for 1h; pressure tight reactor; Stage #2: 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanol at 100℃; | A 93% B 74% |
pentachloroacetone
1-pentanamine
A
chloroform
B
N-Pentyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane for 0.5h; | A n/a B 92% |
1,1,1,3,3-pentachlorobutanone
1-pentanamine
A
chloroform
B
2,2-Dichloro-N-pentyl-propionamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane for 0.5h; | A n/a B 92% |
N-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)benzenesulfonamide
dimethyl amine
A
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene
B
chloroform
C
N,N-dimethyl-N′-(phenylsulfonyl)formimidamide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 24h; | A n/a B n/a C 92% |
1-Decanol
pentachloroacetone
A
chloroform
B
decyl 2,2-dichloroacetate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With triethylamine Heating; | A n/a B 91.4% |
tetrachloromethane
diisopropylmercury
B
isopropyl chloride
C
chloroform
D
isopropylmercury(II) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) 130°C, 10 h; further products; | A 3% B 51% C 50% D 91% E 3% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium hydroxide; tetrabutylammomium bromide; 1,3,5-trimethyl-benzene In dichloromethane at 40℃; for 6h; | 100% |
With PEG-supported tetrakis ammonium salt In dichloromethane at 25℃; for 0.5h; | 98% |
With tetrabutylammomium bromide; sodium hydroxide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 0.0833333h; | 96% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; Sucrose-ethyleneoxide adducts In chloroform at 20℃; for 2h; Product distribution; further catalysts: PEG, DB18K6; further objects of study: phase-transfer catalysis;; | 100% |
With sodium hydroxide; Sucrose-ethyleneoxide adducts In chloroform at 20℃; for 2h; Product distribution; further catalysts: PEG, DB18K6; | 100% |
With potassium hydroxide; 18-crown-6 ether In dichloromethane at 40℃; for 6h; | 98% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With Grubbs catalyst first generation at 65℃; for 2h; | 100% |
Grubbs catalyst first generation at 65 - 80℃; Kharasch addition; | 99% |
With N2[(RuCl2)2(1,3,5-iPr3C6H3)(tricyclohexylphosphine]2 In toluene at 40℃; for 48h; | 93% |
chloroform
Bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)diphosphen
1,2-bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)3,3-dichloro diphosphirane
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium hydroxide In hexane at 15℃; for 2h; sonication; | 100% |
With potassium tert-butylate |
chloroform
3,3-Diethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-isoquinoline
6,7-Dimethoxy-8bphenyl-1,1-dichloro-3,3-diethyl-1,3,4,8b-tetrahydroazirino<2,1-a>isoquinoline
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; N-benzyl-N,N,N-triethylammonium chloride In hexane 1) 3 h, 12 deg C 2) 1 h, 20 deg C; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With trichlorophosphate at 20℃; for 0.5h; | 100% |
chloroform
4-Ethoxyaniline
acetone
α-p-phenetidino-isobutyric acid p-phenetidide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; N-benzyl-N,N,N-triethylammonium chloride In dichloromethane at 5℃; | 100% |
chloroform
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; N-benzyl-N,N,N-triethylammonium chloride 0 deg C, 30 min; RT, 2.5 h; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With ammonium hydroxide for 24h; | 100% |
With ammonium hydroxide at 20℃; for 24h; | 74.9% |
chloroform
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium hydroxide; N-benzyl-N,N,N-triethylammonium chloride at 20℃; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; tetrabutylammomium bromide In water for 16h; | 100% |
chloroform
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
palladium In methanol; N,N-dimethyl-formamide | 100% |
palladium In methanol; N,N-dimethyl-formamide | 100% |
chloroform
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
palladium In methanol; N,N-dimethyl-formamide | 100% |
chloroform
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In ethanol; chloroform byproducts: CH2Cl2, CH3CHO; (Ar); using Schlenk techniques; dissolving of ((Ph4C4CO)2H)Ru2(CO)4(H) in degassed CHCl3 and C2H5OH; closing of flask, stirring at 90°C for 7 h; removal of solvent under high vac., elem .anal.; | 100% |
chloroform
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In chloroform Zr((CH3)2C6H2(O)CH2)3NH) dissolved in dry CHCl3 in air; recrystd.; elem. anal.; detd. by XRD; | 100% |
chloroform
bis(η2-ethene)[η5-(8-quinolyl)cyclopentadienyl]iridium(I)
[η5-(8-quinolyl)cyclopentadienyl]dichloridoiridium(III)
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In chloroform Irradiation (UV/VIS); under Ar atm.soln. Ir complex in CHCl3 was irradiated for 3 days with light 150-W Hg high-pressure lamp; solvent was evapd.; | 100% |
chloroform
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In chloroform 80°C, 48 h; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In dichloromethane byproducts: AgCl; under N2 or Ar using Schlenk app.; CH2Cl2 added to solid mixt. of (Pd(C6H4NNC6H5)Cl)2 (0.20 mol) and 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane (0.40 mol); stirred for 18 h; filtered; evapd. to dryness; extd. (MeOH); ext. filtered and evapd. to dryness; crystd. (CHCl3 and hexane) at room temp. for 3 d; | 100% |
(tetrahydrothiophene)gold(I) chloride
chloroform
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In dichloromethane (Schlenk, N2) to stirred soln. of phosphane in CH2Cl2 was added to a soln. of Au-complex in CH2Cl2, 30 min; evapd. to dryness, column chromy. (silica gel, CH2Cl2-CH3OH, 96:4, v/v);elem. anal.; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: 2,4,6-trimethylaniline With 15-crown-5; sodium hydride In benzene at 40 - 50℃; for 0.25h; Stage #2: chloroform In benzene at 40℃; for 1h; | 100% |
With benzyltriethylammonium chloride; sodium hydroxide In dichloromethane; water for 22h; | 53% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With N-benzyl-N,N,N-triethylammonium chloride; sodium hydroxide In chloroform; water at 40 - 45℃; for 1h; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With N-benzyl-N,N,N-triethylammonium chloride; sodium hydroxide In water at 40 - 45℃; for 1h; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With N-benzyl-N,N,N-triethylammonium chloride; sodium hydroxide In water at 40 - 45℃; | 100% |
Chloroform (CAS NO.67-66-3) was discovered in July, 1831 by the American physician Samuel Guthrie,and independently a few months later by the French chemist Eugène Soubeiran and Justus von Liebig in Germany, all of them using variations of the haloform reaction. Soubeiran produced it through the action of chlorine bleach powder on acetone as well as ethanol. It was named and chemically characterised in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas.
The Chloroform has the cas register number 67-66-3. This is a kind of colorless liquid, with high refractive index and special sweet odour. Besides it is complete soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, benzene, petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide and essential oil while slightly soluble in water.
Following are the product information of this chemical: Its product categories are various, including refrigerants; organics; analytical chemistry; solvents for hplc & spectrophotometry; solvents for spectrophotometry; hplc solvents; standard solution of volatile organic compounds for water & soil analysis; standard solutions (voc); method 601cosmetics; 600 series wastewater methods; allergens; alpha sort; chpesticides; fumigantsepa; insecticides; other additives; volatiles/ semivolatiles; auxiliary reagents&products for kf titrationkarl fischer titration reagents (hydranal); karl fischer reagents by application.
The characteristics of this chemical are as follows: (1)ACD/LogP: 1.76; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): 1.76; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): 1.76; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 12.7; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 12.7; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 214.66; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 214.66; (8)Index of Refraction: 1.445; (9)Molar Refractivity: 21.18 cm3; (10)Molar Volume: 79.5 cm3; (11)Polarizability: 8.39×10-24 cm3; (12)Surface Tension: 28.9 dyne/cm; (13)Density: 1.5 g/cm3; (14)Flash Point: °C; (15)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 29.24 kJ/mol; (16)Boiling Point: 61.2 °C at 760 mmHg; (17)Vapour Pressure: 200 mmHg at 25°C; (18)Exact Mass: 117.914383; (19)MonoIsotopic Mass: 117.914383; (20)Heavy Atom Count: 4; (21)Complexity: 8.
Production method of Chloroform is as below: allylamine could react with 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloro-butan-2-one to produce N-allyl-2,2-dichloro-propionamide and Chloroform, with the following condition: solvent: hexane; reaction time: 30 min; yield: 93.5%.
Use of Chloroform: Chloroform reacts with 1,1-diacetoxy-butane to produce 1,1,1-trichloro-pentan-2-ol, with the following condition: reagent: aq. NaOH; catalytic agent: benzyltriethyammonium chloride ; reaction time: 6 hours; reaction tem.: 40 - 45 ℃; yield: 61%.
As to its usage, it is widely applied in many ways. It could be used in producing Freon22, solvent and anesthetic in pharmaceutics, solvent of rubber, resin, and lipidic; It could be used in organic synthesis material, and also as solvent and extractant; in antibiotic, spice, resin, and so on; It could mix with carbon tetrachloride to produce ice-free fireproofing liquid and also in gun propellant of smolke agent, fumigant of frumentaceous, and standard liquid of base measuring temperature.
While dealing with this chemical, you should be very cautious. For one thing, this chemical is irritant to eyes, respiratory system and skin; For another thing, it is harmful to our health. It could have danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through inhalation and if swallowed, and repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking. Then, it is toxic and it has the danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed; It may cause cancer and heritable genetic damage. Lastly, it is highly flammable: It may catch fire in contact with air, only needing brief contact with an ignition source; It has a very low flash point or evolve highly flammable gases in contact with water; Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness
Therefore, you should take the following instructions. Firstly, wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection and keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. In case of contacting with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice; In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible). Secondly, be carful while keeping. Keep container tightly closed and in a well-ventilated place. Thirdly, do not breathe gas/fumes/vapour/spray (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer), and avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use; Besides. take precautionary measures against static discharges.
Additionally, the following datas could be converted into the molecular structure:
(1)SMILES:ClC(Cl)Cl
(2)InChI:InChI=1/CHCl3/c2-1(3)4/h1H
(3)InChIKey:HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYAG
Below are the toxicity informatin of this chemical:
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
cat | LCLo | inhalation | 35gm/m3/4H (35000mg/m3) | BEHAVIORAL: GENERAL ANESTHETIC GASTROINTESTINAL: CHANGES IN STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF SALIVARY GLANDS GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING | Archiv fuer Hygiene und Bakteriologie. Vol. 116, Pg. 131, 1936. |
dog | LCLo | inhalation | 100gm/m3 (100000mg/m3) | Pesticide Chemicals Official Compendium, Association of the American Pesticide Control Officials, Inc., 1966. Vol. -, Pg. 230, 1966. | |
dog | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 1gm/kg (1000mg/kg) | LIVER: LIVER FUNCTION TESTS IMPAIRED | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 10, Pg. 119, 1967. |
dog | LDLo | intravenous | 75mg/kg (75mg/kg) | Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. Vol. 7, Pg. 205, 1934. | |
dog | LDLo | oral | 1gm/kg (1000mg/kg) | Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. Vol. 7, Pg. 205, 1934. | |
frog | LCLo | inhalation | 6gm/m3 (6000mg/m3) | Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 97, Pg. 86, 1923. | |
guinea pig | LCLo | inhalation | 20000ppm/2H (20000ppm) | Fluorine Chemistry Reviews. Vol. 1, Pg. 197, 1967. | |
guinea pig | LD50 | oral | 820mg/kg (820mg/kg) | Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. Vol. 48(3), Pg. 10, 1983. | |
human | LCLo | inhalation | 25000ppm/5M (25000ppm) | Tabulae Biologicae. Vol. 3, Pg. 231, 1933. | |
human | TCLo | inhalation | 10mg/m3/1Y (10mg/m3) | BEHAVIORAL: ANOREXIA (HUMAN GASTROINTESTINAL: NAUSEA OR VOMITING GASTROINTESTINAL: OTHER CHANGES | Internationales Archiv fuer Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene. Vol. 24, Pg. 127, 1967. |
human | TCLo | inhalation | 5000mg/m3/7M (5000mg/m3) | BEHAVIORAL: "HALLUCINATIONS, DISTORTED PERCEPTIONS" | Archiv fuer Hygiene und Bakteriologie. Vol. 116, Pg. 131, 1936. |
mammal (species unspecified) | LCLo | inhalation | 25000ppm/5M (25000ppm) | Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 138, Pg. 65, 1928. | |
man | LDLo | oral | 2514mg/kg (2514mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: MUSCLE CONTRACTION OR SPASTICITY) CARDIAC: OTHER CHANGES KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: "CHANGES IN TUBULES (INCLUDING ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS)" | American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Vol. 6, Pg. 507, 1988. |
man | LDLo | unreported | 546mg/kg (546mg/kg) | "Poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments," 2nd ed., Arena, J.M., Springfield, IL, C.C. Thomas, 1970Vol. 2, Pg. 73, 1970. | |
mouse | LCLo | inhalation | 23gm/m3/56M (23000mg/m3) | PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SENSATION: SPASTIC PARALYSIS WITH OR WITHOUT SENSORY CHANGE BEHAVIORAL: GENERAL ANESTHETIC BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY) | Biochemische Zeitschrift. Vol. 115, Pg. 235, 1921. |
mouse | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 623mg/kg (623mg/kg) | Archiv fuer Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene. Vol. 18, Pg. 109, 1960. | |
mouse | LD50 | oral | 36mg/kg (36mg/kg) | Archives of Toxicology, Supplement. Vol. 2, Pg. 371, 1979. | |
mouse | LD50 | subcutaneous | 704mg/kg (704mg/kg) | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 123, Pg. 224, 1958. | |
rabbit | LCLo | inhalation | 59gm/m3 (59000mg/m3) | Pesticide Chemicals Official Compendium, Association of the American Pesticide Control Officials, Inc., 1966. Vol. -, Pg. 230, 1966. | |
rabbit | LD50 | skin | > 20gm/kg (20000mg/kg) | National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD-A062-138, | |
rabbit | LDLo | oral | 500mg/kg (500mg/kg) | Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. Vol. 97, Pg. 86, 1923. | |
rabbit | LDLo | subcutaneous | 800mg/kg (800mg/kg) | Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. Vol. 7, Pg. 205, 1934. | |
rat | LC50 | inhalation | 47702mg/m3/4H (47702mg/m3) | Environmental Research. Vol. 40, Pg. 411, 1986. | |
rat | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 894mg/kg (894mg/kg) | Environmental Research. Vol. 40, Pg. 411, 1986. | |
rat | LD50 | oral | 695mg/kg (695mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY) BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION | Khigiena i Zdraveopazvane. Hygiene and Sanitation. Vol. 29(5), Pg. 39, 1986. |
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