Cyanide supplier | CasNO.57-12-5

Name
Cyanide
EINECS
CAS No. 57-12-5
Article Data187
CAS DataBase
Density 0.695g/cm³
Solubility Miscible with water.
Melting Point 148 °C (decomp)
Formula CN
Boiling Point 25.7°Cat760mmHg
Molecular Weight 26.0177
Flash Point °C
Transport Information
Appearance
Safety Very poisonous by most routes. Cyanide directly stimulates the chemoreceptors of the carotid and aortic bodies with a resultant hyperpnea (increase in the depth and rate of respiration). Cardiac irregularities are often noted, but the heart invariably outlasts the respirations. Death is due to respiratory arrest of central origin. It can occur within seconds or minutes of the inhalation of high concentrations of HCN gas. Because of slower absorption, death may be more delayed after the ingestion of cyanide salts, but the critical events still occur within the first hour. Two other sources of cyanide have been responsible for human poisoning: the naturally occurring amygdalin and the drug nitroprusside.
Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside found in apricot, peach, and similar fruit pits and in sweet almonds (Sayre and Kaymakcalan, 1941). It is a chemical combination of glucose, benzaldehyde, and cyanide from which the latter can be released by the action of β-glucosidase or emulsion. Although these enzymes are not found in mammalian tissues, the human intestinal microflora appears to possess these or similar enzymes capable of effecting cyanide release resulting in human poisoning. For this reason, amygdalin may be as much as 40 times more toxic by the oral route as compared with intravenous injection. Amygdalin is the major ingredient of Laetrile, and this alleged anticancer drug has also been responsible for human cyanide poisoning.
An ethical drug that may also cause cyanide poisoning in overdose is the potent vascular smooth-muscle relaxant sodium nitroprusside. Although nitroprusside is related chemically to ferricyanide, unlike the latter it penetrates into erythrocytes and reacts with hemoglobin to release its cyanide (Smith and Kruszyna, 1974). Fortunately, the therapeutic margin for nitroprusside appears to be quite large.
Cyanide is commonly found in certain rat and pest poisons, silver and metal polishes, photographic solutions, and fumigating products. Compounds such as potassium cyanide can also be readily purchased from chemical stores. Cyanide is readily absorbed from all routes, including the skin, mucous membranes, and by inhalation, although alkali salts of cyanide are toxic only when ingested. Death may occur with ingestion of even small amounts of sodium or potassium cyanide and can occur within minutes or hours depending on route of exposure. Inhalation of toxic fumes represents a potentially rapidly fatal type of exposure. A blood cyanide level of greater than 0.2 µg/mL is considered toxic. Lethal cases have usually had levels above 1 µg/mL.
Clinically, cyanide poisoning is reported to produce a bitter, almond odor on the breath of the patient; however, only a small proportion of the population is genetically able to discern this characteristic odor. Typically, cyanide has a bitter, burning taste, and, following poisoning, symptoms of salivation, nausea without vomiting, anxiety, confusion, vertigo, giddiness, lower-jaw stiffness, convulsions, opisthotonos, paralysis, coma, cardiac arrhythmias, and transient respiratory stimulation followed by respiratory failure may occur. Bradycardia is a common finding, but in most cases heartbeat usually outlasts respiration (Wexler et al., 1947). A prolonged expiratory phase is considered to be characteristic of cyanide poisoning. (Casarett and Doull's, Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons 2nd ed. Doull, Klaassen and Amdur (eds), Macmillan Pub. Co. Inc. New York, NY).
The volatile cyanides resemble HCN physiologically, inhibiting tissue oxidation and causing death through asphyxia. Cyanogen is probably as toxic as HCN; the nitriles are generally considered somewhat less toxic, probably because of their lower volatility. The non-volatile cyanide salts appear to be relatively nontoxic systemically, so long as they are not ingested and care is taken to prevent the formation of HCN. Workers, such as electroplaters and picklers, who are daily exposed to cyanide solutions may develop a “cyanide” rash, characterized by itching, and by macular, papular, and vesicular eruptions. Frequently there is secondary infection. Exposure to small amounts of cyanide compounds over long periods of time is reported to cause loss of appetite, headache, weakness, nausea, dizziness, and symptoms of irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. See also specific cyanide compounds.
Flammable by chemical reaction with heat, moisture, acid. Many cyanides rather easily evolve HCN, a flammable gas that is highly toxic. Carbon dioxide from the air is sufficiently acidic to liberate HCN from cyanide solutions. Reaction with hypochlorite solutions may be violent at pH 10.0–10.3. Cyanides explode if melted with nitrites or chlorates at about 450°. Violent reaction with F₂, Mg, nitrates, HNO₃, nitrites. Metal cyanides are easily oxidized and may be thermally unstable. N-cyano derivatives may be reactive or unstable. Many organic nitriles can be very reactive under the right conditions. When heated to decomposition or on contact with acid, acid fumes, water, or steam, cyanides emit toxic and flammable vapors of CN⁻. See also HYDROCYANIC ACID.
Analytical Methods:

For occupational chemical analysis use OSHA: #ID-120 or NIOSH: Cyanides (Aerosol and Gas) 7904.
Risk Codes
Molecular Structure
Hazard Symbols
Synonyms Carbonnitride ion (CN1-); Cyanide (CN1-); Cyanide anion; Cyanide ion; Cyanide ion(CN(1-)); Cyanide ion(1-); Cyanide(1-); Cyanide(1-) ion; Hydrocyanic acid, ion(1-);Isocyanide; Nitrile anion
PSA 23.79000
LogP 0.09638

Synthetic route

: 128-09-6
N-chloro-succinimide

: 1600-27-7
mercury(II) diacetate

: 333-20-0
potassium thioacyanate

A: 123-56-8
Succinimide

B: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

C: 16887-00-6
chloride

D: 14808-79-8
Sulfate

E: hydrogen cation

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With perchloric acid In methanol; water Kinetics; oxidation of SCN(1-) by NCS in aq. methanol in presence of mercuric acetate and HClO4 (room temp.); gravimetric and iodometric methods;	A n/a B n/a C n/a D 94% E n/a
With sodium hydroxide In methanol; water Kinetics; oxidation of SCN(1-) by NCS in aq. methanol in presence of mercuric acetate and NaOH at 303 K; gravimetric and iodometric methods;	A n/a B n/a C n/a D 94% E n/a

...Expand

: 74-90-8
hydrogen cyanide

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With D2O*DO- at 24.9℃; Rate constant; amount of added solvent vapor dependence;
With CH3OH*CH3O- at 24.9℃; Rate constant; amount of added solvent vapor dependence;

: 593-75-9, 685498-28-6
methyl isocyanate

: 3315-60-4
methanolate

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: 81704-80-5
isocyanomethide anion

C: 67-64-1
acetone

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 24.9℃; under 0.4 Torr; Product distribution; Thermodynamic data; reaction enthalpy;

...Expand

: 593-75-9, 685498-28-6
methyl isocyanate

A: 67-56-1
methanol

B: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

C: 81704-80-5
isocyanomethide anion

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydroxide at 24.9℃; under 0.4 Torr; Product distribution; Thermodynamic data; reaction enthalpy;

...Expand

: 593-75-9, 685498-28-6
methyl isocyanate

A: 593-53-3
Methyl fluoride

B: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With fluoride at 24.9℃; under 0.4 Torr; Product distribution; Thermodynamic data; Rate constant; reaction enthalpy;

: 13133-62-5
thiophenolate

: 141-52-6
sodium ethanolate

: (2-Isocyano-ethanesulfonyl)-benzene

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: 5535-48-8
PVS

C: 28525-26-0
2-ethoxyethyl phenyl sulphone

D: 3126-28-1
(2-Isocyano-ethylsulfanyl)-benzene

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Rate constant; Product distribution; multistep reaction, 1.) ethanol, 25 deg C; 2.) ethanol;

...Expand

: 13133-62-5
thiophenolate

: (2-Isocyano-ethoxy)-benzene

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: 766-94-9
vinyl phenyl ether

C: 3229-70-7
phenolate

D: 3126-28-1
(2-Isocyano-ethylsulfanyl)-benzene

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium ethanolate Rate constant; Product distribution; multistep reaction, 1.) ethanol, 25 deg C; 2.) ethanol;

...Expand

: 77372-52-2
Pyronin G nitrile

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: 85338-00-7
pyronin*BF4-

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With tetrafluoroborate ion In water; acetonitrile at 23℃; Equilibrium constant;

: 128228-27-3
3,6-Bis-dimethylamino-9H-thioxanthene-9-carbonitrile

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: thiopyronin fluoroborate

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With tetrafluoroborate ion In water; acetonitrile at 23℃; Equilibrium constant;

: 151-50-8
potassium cyanide

: 3126-28-1
(2-Isocyano-ethylsulfanyl)-benzene

A: 13133-62-5
thiophenolate

B: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

C: β-cyanoethylisocyanide

D: 1822-73-7
phenylthioethylene

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium ethanolate Rate constant; Product distribution; multistep reaction, 1.) ethanol, 25 deg C; 2.) ethanol;

...Expand

: C17H8N3(1-)

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: 1989-32-8
2-fluoren-9-ylidene-malononitrile

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In sulfolane; water at 25℃; Rate constant;

: 81704-80-5
isocyanomethide anion

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: 71000-82-3
cyanate

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With oxygen at 24.9℃; under 0.4 Torr; Product distribution; various neutral molecules with or without acidic hydrogen;

: 4729-01-5
cyclopentadienylidene anion radical

: 107-13-1
acrylonitrile

A: 15091-87-9
1-cyano-vinyl

B: 36259-97-9
1-cyano-ethenide

C: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

D: 2143-53-5
cyclopenta-2,4-dienyl

E: 20171-65-7
cyclopentadienide

F: C8H6N(1-)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 24.9℃; under 0.5 Torr; Rate constant; Mechanism; Product distribution; different α,β-unsaturated molecules;

...Expand

: methylenecyclopropene anion

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: 2-nitrosoallyl anion

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dinitrogen monoxide In gas under 0.4 Torr;

: 17640-15-2
methyl cyanoformate

: 3315-60-4
methanolate

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: 109909-16-2
Nitrilo-acetic acid anion

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
for 0.000416667h; Mechanism;

...Expand

: 17640-15-2
methyl cyanoformate

: 18860-15-6
phenylmethanide

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: 109909-16-2
Nitrilo-acetic acid anion

C: 101-41-7
benzeneacetic acid methyl ester

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
for 0.000416667h; Mechanism;

...Expand

: 106473-05-6
4-cyano-1-(2,6-dichloro-benzyl)-1,4-dihydro-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid diamide

: 7732-18-5
water

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: 3,5-dicarbamoyl-1-(2,6-dichloro-benzyl)-pyridinium

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 20℃; Equilibrium constant;

...Expand

: 624-83-9
methyl isocyanate

A: 3031-73-0
methyl hydroperoxide

B: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

C: 71000-82-3
cyanate

D: C2H3NO2(1-)

E HO: HO

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydroperoxide anion In gaseous matrix at 26.9℃; Rate constant; Product distribution; in a flowing afterglow system (flow rector affixed to a quadrupole mass spectrometer);

...Expand

: 79-40-3
dithiooxamide

concentrated KOH-solution: concentrated KOH-solution

A: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

B: 302-04-5
Thiocyanate

C sulfide: sulfide

...Expand

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

copper: copper

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

iron turnings: iron turnings

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

iron-zinc-alloy: iron-zinc-alloy

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

: 7732-18-5
water

iron: iron

ferrous chloride: ferrous chloride

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 140 - 150℃;

...Expand

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

: 7732-18-5
water

iron: iron

iron monoxide hydrate: iron monoxide hydrate

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 110 - 120℃;
at 110 - 120℃;

...Expand

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

lead: lead

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

iron: iron

lead: lead

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

...Expand

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

lime/chalk/: lime/chalk/

coal: coal

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

...Expand

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

lime/chalk/: lime/chalk/

coal: coal

iron: iron

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

...Expand

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

iron turnings: iron turnings

pitch: pitch

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

...Expand

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

potash: potash

coal: coal

iron: iron

oil: oil

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

...Expand

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 71000-82-3
cyanate

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With 4,40-Di-tert-butyl-2,20-bipyridine; dihydrogen peroxide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃; for 2.5h; Catalytic behavior; Kinetics; Reagent/catalyst;	100%
With alkali peroxide In not given in alkaline soln.;;
With chlorine In water byproducts: Cl(1-); introduction of Cl2 into alkali cyanide soln.;

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 506-77-4
cyanogen chloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With chlorine In tetrachloromethane with alkali cyanides, under 3°C;	98%
With chlorine In neat (no solvent) alkali cyanides, at -18°C;	85%
With chlorine In neat (no solvent) alkali cyanides mixed with sand at 3°C;	80%
With chlorine In tetrachloromethane alkali cyanides, at 0°C;
With hydrogenchloride In not given

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 1248572-08-8
[(η6-p-(i-Pr)C6H4Me)RuCl(κ2-2,2'-dipyridylamine)]BF4

: 1248572-18-0
[(η6-p-(i-Pr)C6H4Me)Ru(κ2-2,2'-dipyridylamine)(CN)]BF4

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In methanol CN(1-) was added to suspn. of Ru complex in MeOH; refluxed for 4 h; evapd. (vac.); dissolved in CH2Cl2; filtered; concd.; hexane added; septd.; washed (Et2O); dried (vac.); elem. anal.;	98%

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: [(η6-p-iPrC6H4Me)RuCl(κ2-dpb)]BF4

: 1248572-24-8
[(η6-p-(i-Pr)C6H4Me)Ru(κ2-di-2-pyridylbenzylamine)(CN)]BF4

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In methanol CN(1-) was added to suspn. of Ru complex in MeOH; refluxed for 4 h; evapd. (vac.); dissolved in CH2Cl2; filtered; concd.; hexane added; septd.; washed (Et2O); dried (vac.); elem. anal.;	97%

: ((HB(C3H3N2)3)W(P(CH3)3)(NO)(C6H5(OCH3)C2H4COH))(1+)*CF3SO3(1-)=((HB(C3H3N2)3)W(P(CH3)3)(NO)(C6H5(OCH3)C2H4COH))CF3SO3

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: diphenylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate

: [TpW(NO)(PMe3)(5,6-η2-7-methoxy-3,4,4a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-chromen-7-onium-2-carbonitrile)](OTf)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In not given DMF or MeOH;	93%

...Expand

: [4,5-η2-[Os(NH3)5]-1-methylthiophenium](OTf)3

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: [Os(NH3)5CNC4H4SCH3](2+)*2(CF3SO2O)(1-)=[Os(NH3)5CNC4H4SCH3](CF3SO3)2

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
	91%

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

A: 74-90-8
hydrogen cyanide

B: 506-77-4
cyanogen chloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With chlorine In hydrogenchloride alkali cyanides, pH=9;	A n/a B 90%

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 99-73-0
para-bromophenacyl bromide

: 4592-94-3
3-(4-bromophenyl)-3-oxopropanenitrile

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With β-cyclodextrin-silica nanocomposite linked by propyl spacer In water at 90℃; for 1.25h; Green chemistry;	90%

: [4,5-η2-[Os(NH3)5]-1-methylbenzo[b]thiophenium](OTf)3

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: [Os(NH3)5(C4H4C4H2(CN)SCH3)](2+)*2(CF3SO2O)(1-)=[Os(NH3)5(C4H4C4H2(CN)SCH3)](CF3SO3)2

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
	89%

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 99-81-0
4-Nitrophenacyl bromide

: 3383-43-5
(4-Nitrobenzoyl)acetonitrile

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With β-cyclodextrin-silica nanocomposite linked by propyl spacer In water at 90℃; for 1h; Green chemistry;	80%

: (HB(C3H3N2)3)W(P(CH3)3)(NO)(C6H5(OCH3)C2H4COCH3)(1+)*CF3SO3(1-)=((HB(C3H3N2)3)W(P(CH3)3)(NO)(C6H5(OCH3)C2H4COCH3))CF3SO3

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: diphenylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate

: [TpW(NO)(PMe3)(5,6-η2-7-methoxy-2-methyl-3,4,4a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-chromen-7-onium-2-carbonitrile)](OTf)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In not given DMF or MeOH;	75%

...Expand

: {(CO)3Mo(μ-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane)2PtH(Cl)}*0.5(benzene)

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: {(CO)3Mo(μ-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane)2PtH(CN)}

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With NMe4(1+) In dichloromethane; water mixt. of Mo complex in CH2Cl2 and CN(1-) in water stirred in presence of NMe4(1+) as phase-transfer catalyst for 4 h; CH2Cl2 layer sepd., evapd. under vac., recrystd. from CH2Cl2-MeOH; elem. anal.;	73%

: 2N(C2H5)4(1+)*{NiFe3S4(P(C6H5)3)(SC2H5)3}(2-)={N(C2H5)4}2{NiFe3S4(P(C6H5)3)(SC2H5)3}

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

A: (Et4N)3{Fe4S4(SEt)4}

B: {NiFe3S4(SC2H5)3CN}(3-)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In acetonitrile byproducts: P(C6H5)3; under N2; monitored by (1)H-NMR;	A 14% B 70%

...Expand

: 71485-92-2
(3aR,5R,6S,6aR)-6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-5-((E)-2-nitrovinyl)tetrahydrofuro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxole

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 83905-33-3
5,6-Dideoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-methyl-5-C-methylene-α-D-xylo-hexofuranurononitrile

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
	68%

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3H-tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-4-ium tetrafluoroborate

A: 74795-88-3
(2Z,4Z)-5-[2-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl]-penta-2,4-dienenitrile

B: 74795-79-2
(2E,4Z)-5-[2-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-2H-tetrazol-5-yl]-penta-2,4-dienenitrile

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In acetonitrile	A 15% B 67%
In acetonitrile	A 67% B 15%

...Expand

: (C4H6C6H5)Fe(CO)3(1+)*BF4(1-)={(C4H6C6H5)Fe(CO)3}BF4

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 138368-23-7
(C10H11CN)Fe(CO)3

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In diethyl ether addn. of cyanide to suspn. of Fe-complex (molar ratio = 1 : 1, 15°C), stirring (15°C, 3 - 4 h); concentrating (reduced pressure), addn. of ice-cold H2O, extn. (ether), drying (Na2SO4), solvent removal, chromy. (SiO2, pentane), solvent removal, recrystn. (pentane); elem. anal.;	54%

: 105659-10-7
NbCl2(C6H4O2)(OC6H4OH)

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 110625-37-1
(CN)2Nb(OC6H4O)(OC6H4OH)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In tetrahydrofuran NaCN or KCN was added to a THF soln. of Nb-compound in 2:1 ratio under anhyd. conditions, mixt. was stirred and refluxed for ca. 12 h at 65-70°C; filtered, ppt. was washed with THF, filtrate and washings were evapd. in vacuo (2 h), residue was recrystd. from EtOH, dried under vac. (0.4 mmHg); elem. anal.;	45%

: Nb(5+)*2Cl(1-)*C6H3O2(OH)(2-)*2H(1+)*C6H3O3(3-)=NbCl2(C6H3O2(OH))(OC6H3(OH)2)

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: Nb(5+)*2CN(1-)*C6H3O2(OH)(2-)*2H(1+)*C6H3O3(3-)=Nb(CN)2(C6H3O2(OH))(OC6H3(OH)2)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In tetrahydrofuran NaCN or KCN was added to a THF soln. of Nb-compound in 2:1 ratio under anhyd. conditions, mixt. was stirred and refluxed for ca. 12 h at 65-70°C; filtered, ppt. was washed with THF, filtrate and washings were evapd. in vacuo (2 h), residue was recrystd. from EtOH, dried under vac. (0.4 mmHg); elem. anal.;	45%

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: C30H30Br2N4(2-)*Ni(2+)

A: C31H31N5(2-)*Ni(2+)

B: C32H30N6(2-)*Ni(2+)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In quinoline at 240℃;	A 35% B 32%

...Expand

: 366-18-7
[2,2]bipyridinyl

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 6147-53-1
cobalt(II) diacetate tetrahydrate

: 95-45-4
butane-2,3-dione dioxime

: [CoCN(dimethylglyoximato)2(2,2'-bipyridine)]*1/3H2O

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With ogygen In ethanol; water under N2 atm. aq. soln. Co(OAc)2*4H2O and MCN (M = Na or K) was added toboiling soln. ligand in EtOH, refluxed for 2 h, cooled to room temp., b ipy was added, O2 was bubbled through react. mixt. for 3 h; ppt. was filtered, washed with 50 % aq. EtOH and EtOH and dried over CaCl2; elem. anal.;	14.4%

...Expand

: 748113-84-0, 14931-84-1
ethylenediaminetetraacetatonickel(II)(2-)

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: tetracyanonickelate(II)

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
	1%
	1%
With ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid Kinetics; slow react.;
With EDTA Kinetics; slow react.;

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 1130782-46-5
[Pt(CN(tert-butyl))2(7,8-benzoquinolate)](1+)

: 1356474-74-2, 1356699-05-2
[Pt(benzoquinolate)(CN)(CN-tBu)]

: 1356474-74-2, 1356699-05-2
[Pt(benzoquinolate)(CN)(CNtBu)]

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
	A 1% B n/a

...Expand

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 1130782-48-7
[Pt(benzoquinolinate)(2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide)2](1+)

: 1356474-80-0, 1356699-07-4
[Pt(benzoquinolate)(CN)(CN-2,6-dimethylphenyl)]

: 1356474-80-0, 1356699-07-4
[Pt(benzoquinolate)(CN)(CN-2,6-dimethylphenyl)]

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
	A 1% B n/a

...Expand

: 1575-59-3
4-oxo-crotonic acid

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 110-15-6
succinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Mechanism;

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 463-56-9
thiocyanic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With ammonia; sulfur

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 13103-11-2
selenocyanic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With methanol; selenium at 0 - 25℃; Kinetik der Uebertragung;

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: bis-(1,1-dimethoxy-2,6-diphenyl-1λ5-phosphinin-4-yl)-methinium; tetrafluoroborate

: 36374-67-1
bis-(1,1-dimethoxy-2,6-diphenyl-1λ5-phosphinin-4-yl)-acetonitrile

: 1212-08-4
S-Phenyl benzenethiosulfonate

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

A: 5285-87-0
phenyl thiocyanate

B: 16722-50-2
phenylsulphinate anion

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In water; acetonitrile at 25℃; Rate constant; tris/tris-H+ buffer;

...Expand

: 110220-96-7
(4S,4'R,5R)-2,2,2',2'-tetramethyl-5-((E)-2-nitrovinyl)-4,4'-bi(1,3-dioxolane)

: 57-12-5
cyanide(1-)

: 118158-80-8
2-((4S,5R,4'R)-2,2,2',2'-Tetramethyl-[4,4']bi[[1,3]dioxolanyl]-5-yl)-acrylonitrile

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Yield given;

Cyanide Chemical Properties

Molecular Structure:

Molecular Formula: CN
Molecular Weight: 26.0179
IUPAC Name: Cyanide
Synonyms of Cyanide (CAS NO.57-12-5): BRN 1900509 ; Carbon nitride ion (CN(sup 1-)) ; Carbon nitride ion (CN1-) ; Cyanide (CN(sup 1-)) ; Cyanide anion ; Cyanide ion ; Cyanide ions ; Cyanide(1-) ; Cyanide(1-) ion ; Cyanure ; Cyanure [French] ; Hydrocyanic acid, ion(1-)- ; Isocyanide ; Nitrile anion ; RCRA waste number P030 ; Cyanide (anion) ; Cyanide solutions, n.o.s. ; Cyanide solutions, n.o.s. [UN1935] [Poison, Keep away from food] ; Cyanides (soluble salts and complexes) not otherwise specified ; UN1935
CAS NO: 57-12-5
Classification Code: 2007 CERCLA Priority List, Rank: 28 ; Reportable Quantity (RQ) = 10 lb Boiling Point: 25.7 ^°C at 760 mmHg
Index of Refraction: 1.262
Molar Refractivity: 6.41 cm³
Molar Volume: 38.8 cm³
Surface Tension: 18.8 dyne/cm
Density: 0.695 g/cm³
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 27.18 kJ/mol
Boiling Point: 25.7 °C at 760 mmHg
Vapour Pressure: 740 mmHg at 25°C

Cyanide Uses

Cyanide (CAS NO.57-12-5) is mainly produced for the mining of gold and silver: it helps dissolve these metals and their ores. It is illegally used to capture live fish near coral reefs for the aquarium and seafood markets. It is also used as insecticides for fumigating ships.

Cyanide Production

Cyanide (CAS NO.57-12-5) is produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and algae and are found in a number of foods and plants.

Cyanide Toxicity Data With Reference

Organism	Test Type	Route	Reported Dose (Normalized Dose)	Effect	Source
mouse	LD50	intraperitoneal	3mg/kg (3mg/kg)	BEHAVIORAL: TREMOR BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA	Nature. Vol. 228, Pg. 1315, 1970.

Cyanide Consensus Reports

Cyanide (CAS NO.57-12-5) and its compounds are on the Community Right-To-Know List.

Cyanide Safety Profile

Very poisonous by most routes. Cyanide (CAS NO.57-12-5) directly stimulates the chemoreceptors of the carotid and aortic bodies with a resultant hyperpnea (increase in the depth and rate of respiration). Cardiac irregularities are often noted, but the heart invariably outlasts the respirations. Death is due to respiratory arrest of central origin. It can occur within seconds or minutes of the inhalation of high concentrations of HCN gas. Because of slower absorption, death may be more delayed after the ingestion of cyanide salts, but the critical events still occur within the first hour. Two other sources of cyanide have been responsible for human poisoning: the naturally occurring amygdalin and the drug nitroprusside.
Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside found in apricot, peach, and similar fruit pits and in sweet almonds (Sayre and Kaymakcalan, 1941). It is a chemical combination of glucose, benzaldehyde, and cyanide from which the latter can be released by the action of β-glucosidase or emulsion. Although these enzymes are not found in mammalian tissues, the human intestinal microflora appears to possess these or similar enzymes capable of effecting cyanide release resulting in human poisoning. For this reason, amygdalin may be as much as 40 times more toxic by the oral route as compared with intravenous injection. Amygdalin is the major ingredient of Laetrile, and this alleged anticancer drug has also been responsible for human cyanide poisoning.
An ethical drug that may also cause cyanide poisoning in overdose is the potent vascular smooth-muscle relaxant sodium nitroprusside. Although nitroprusside is related chemically to ferricyanide, unlike the latter it penetrates into erythrocytes and reacts with hemoglobin to release its cyanide (Smith and Kruszyna, 1974). Fortunately, the therapeutic margin for nitroprusside appears to be quite large.
Cyanide is commonly found in certain rat and pest poisons, silver and metal polishes, photographic solutions, and fumigating products. Compounds such as potassium cyanide can also be readily purchased from chemical stores. Cyanide is readily absorbed from all routes, including the skin, mucous membranes, and by inhalation, although alkali salts of cyanide are toxic only when ingested. Death may occur with ingestion of even small amounts of sodium or potassium cyanide and can occur within minutes or hours depending on route of exposure. Inhalation of toxic fumes represents a potentially rapidly fatal type of exposure. A blood cyanide level of greater than 0.2 µg/mL is considered toxic. Lethal cases have usually had levels above 1 µg/mL.
Clinically, cyanide poisoning is reported to produce a bitter, almond odor on the breath of the patient; however, only a small proportion of the population is genetically able to discern this characteristic odor. Typically, cyanide has a bitter, burning taste, and, following poisoning, symptoms of salivation, nausea without vomiting, anxiety, confusion, vertigo, giddiness, lower-jaw stiffness, convulsions, opisthotonos, paralysis, coma, cardiac arrhythmias, and transient respiratory stimulation followed by respiratory failure may occur. Bradycardia is a common finding, but in most cases heartbeat usually outlasts respiration (Wexler et al., 1947). A prolonged expiratory phase is considered to be characteristic of cyanide poisoning. (Casarett and Doull's, Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons 2nd ed. Doull, Klaassen and Amdur (eds), Macmillan Pub. Co. Inc. New York, NY).
The volatile cyanides resemble HCN physiologically, inhibiting tissue oxidation and causing death through asphyxia. Cyanogen is probably as toxic as HCN; the nitriles are generally considered somewhat less toxic, probably because of their lower volatility. The non-volatile cyanide salts appear to be relatively nontoxic systemically, so long as they are not ingested and care is taken to prevent the formation of HCN. Workers, such as electroplaters and picklers, who are daily exposed to cyanide solutions may develop a “cyanide” rash, characterized by itching, and by macular, papular, and vesicular eruptions. Frequently there is secondary infection. Exposure to small amounts of cyanide compounds over long periods of time is reported to cause loss of appetite, headache, weakness, nausea, dizziness, and symptoms of irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. See also specific cyanide compounds.
Flammable by chemical reaction with heat, moisture, acid. Many cyanides rather easily evolve HCN, a flammable gas that is highly toxic. Carbon dioxide from the air is sufficiently acidic to liberate HCN from cyanide solutions. Reaction with hypochlorite solutions may be violent at pH 10.0–10.3. Cyanides explode if melted with nitrites or chlorates at about 450°. Violent reaction with F₂, Mg, nitrates, HNO₃, nitrites. Metal cyanides are easily oxidized and may be thermally unstable. N-cyano derivatives may be reactive or unstable. Many organic nitriles can be very reactive under the right conditions. When heated to decomposition or on contact with acid, acid fumes, water, or steam, cyanides emit toxic and flammable vapors of CN⁻. See also HYDROCYANIC ACID.

Cyanide Standards and Recommendations

OSHA PEL: TWA 5 mg(CN)/m³
ACGIH TLV: CL 5 mg/m³ (skin)
DFG MAK: 5 mg/m³
NIOSH REL: (Cyanide) TWA CL 5 mg/m³/10M
DOT Classification: 6.1; Label: Poison, KEEP AWAY FROM FOOD

Cyanide Analytical Methods

For occupational chemical analysis use OSHA: #ID-120 or NIOSH: Cyanides (Aerosol and Gas) 7904.

Product Name

Cyanide

Synthetic route

Cyanide Chemical Properties

Cyanide Uses

Cyanide Production

Cyanide Toxicity Data With Reference

Cyanide Consensus Reports

Cyanide Safety Profile

Cyanide Standards and Recommendations

Cyanide Analytical Methods

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