Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In water NH3 passed into a soln. of (NH4)2CO3-NaCl until satn.; product free of Cl and NH3; | 100% |
In water NH3 passed into a soln. of (NH4)2CO3-NaCl until satn.; product free of Cl and NH3; | 100% |
water
potassium carbonate
B
sodium carbonate
C
sodium hydroxide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With tetrahydrofuran | A 100% B n/a C n/a |
carbon monoxide
hydrogen
A
hydrogen sulfide
B
water
C
sodium carbonate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
with molten Na2SO4*10H2O; heating at 927 to 983°C for 2 h; ratio of CO and H2 1:3; | A 98% B n/a C n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
iron(III) oxide In neat (no solvent) passing a mixture of CO/H2O-vapor over powdered Na2SO4 at 660°C; partial pressure of H2O: 0.3 at, catalyst: Fe2O3 in form of a Fe(NO3)2-soln.;; 85-92% Na2CO3;; | 97% |
With catalyst: Fe2O3 and Sb2O5 or Fe2O3 and Sb2O4 or; Fe2O3 and As2O5 In neat (no solvent) passing a mixture of CO/H2O-vapor (CO from passing air through hot charcoal) over Na2SO4; partial pressure of H2O: 0.4 at, gas, containing 14.6% CO, is applied in 1.5-fold excess; catalyst: mixture of Fe2O3 and Sb2O5, Sb2O4 or As2O5;; 88.5% Na2CO3;; | 93.8% |
With catalyst: Fe2O3 and Sb2O5 or Fe2O3 and Sb2O4 or; Fe2O3 and As2O5 In neat (no solvent) passing a mixture of CO/H2O-vapor (CO from passing air through hot charcoal) over Na2SO4, partial pressure of H2O: 0.4 at, catalyst :mixture of Fe2O3 and Sb2O5, Sb2O4 or As2O5;; 91.3-95.6% Na2CO3;; | 94-97.6 |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
after V. A. Shushunov and A. M. Pavlov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 89, 1033(1953); | A 95% B 5% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran reductive disproportionation, mechanism discussed;; IR; iron carbonyl not isolated;; | A 82% B 94% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
sodium hydroxide In solid byproducts: H2; with NaOH (1:0.05) in N2 atmosphere, the heating rate 6 deg/min; | A 92% B n/a |
In solid thermal decomposition of sodium formate in H2 atmosphere (TG at 435 :degree.C, the heating rate 6 deg/min; | A 35% B n/a |
In solid thermal decomposition of sodium formate in CO atmosphere (TG at438 °C), the heating rate 6 deg/min; | A 34% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran addn. of CO2 to suspension of Na2(Os(CO)4) in THF, filtn. onto I2 at 4°C;; pptg. of carbonate; soln.: removal of solvent (IR), sublimation off excess I2, extn. into toluene and concg. under vacuum;; | A 61% B 92% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide In water at 0℃; for 1h; | 91% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With [(1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine)(Fe(NO)2)2]; sodium In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 72h; Glovebox; Inert atmosphere; Sealed tube; | 90% |
With Na-silicate In water introduction of CO2 into the aq. soln.;; | |
With Na-aryl sulfonate In further solvent(s) byproducts: aryl sulfonic acid ester; dissolving Na-aryl sulfonate (from aryl sulfonic acid and NaCl) in an alcohol, introduction of CO2-gas;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In water byproducts: BaSO4; wt.-ratio Na2SO4:BaCO3=5:11, 7h. at 33.+-.1°C;; | 88.97% |
With Ba(HCO3)2 In not given reaction of a soln. of BaCO3 with Na2SO4; complete reaction by addition of a small amount of Ba(HCO3)2;; |
sodium tetrahydroborate
sodium formate
A
sodium oxalate
B
sodium carbonate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In solid reaction of sodium formate with NaBH4 (1:0.05) in N2 atmosphere, the heating rate 6 deg/min; | A 88% B n/a |
In solid reaction of sodium formate with NaBH4 (1:1) in N2 atmosphere, the heating rate 6 deg/min; | A 0% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) Leblanc process: heating; Na2SO4:CaCO3:C=100:100:75;; | 88% |
In melt | 0% |
In water Electrolysis; electrolysis of Na2SO4 soln. with an inert anode covered with a layer of insoluble CaCO3; reaction of CaCO3 with formed H2SO4 forming CO2; reaction of CO2 with NaOH formed in the cathod region;; | |
In melt | 0% |
In water |
2Na(1+)*W(CO)5(2-) = Na2[W(CO)5]
carbon dioxide
A
tungsten hexacarbonyl
B
sodium carbonate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran reductive disproportionation; mechanism discussed;; IR;; | A 83% B n/a |
In tetrahydrofuran soln. of the W-compound was treated with gasous CO2 at -78°C, warmed to 25°C; solvent removed (vac.), extd. (diethyl ether), ether removed (vac.); IR, MAS; | A 83% B n/a |
carbon dioxide
iodine
cis-{RuI2(CO)4}
B
sodium carbonate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran bubbling of excess CO2 through a suspension of Na2(Ru(CO)4) in THF (stirred 20min, 4°C), filtration of soln. onto I2 at 4°C;; pptg. of carbonate; soln.: removal of solvent (IR), sublimation off of excess iodine, extn. with THF;; | A 73% B 61% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran bubbling of gaseous CO2 through suspension of corresponding carbonyl complex in THF for 5min at room temp.;; IR; removal of excess CO2 under vacuum, concg., extraction with pentane, concg. under reduced pressure; pentane insol. ppt.: carbonate;; | A 67% B 57% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
CO2 reacts with (Fe(cp)(C6H6)) (1 atm, 0°C) in presence of PMe3 and NaPF6 to (Fe(cp)(PMe3)3)PF6; | A 66% B 33% C n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium peroxide In neat (no solvent) byproducts: Na2SO4; oxidation of Se on melting with Na2O2in a Ni crucible;; the formed melt contains NaOH and Na2CO3; isolation as mixture of Na2SeO4 and Na2SO4;; | A 58% B n/a C n/a |
With Na2O2 In neat (no solvent) byproducts: Na2SO4; oxidation of Se on melting with Na2O2in a Ni crucible;; the formed melt contains NaOH and Na2CO3; isolation as mixture of Na2SeO4 and Na2SO4;; | A 58% B n/a C n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) decomposition at 390°C, formation of acetone, Na2CO3 and traces of C between 410 and 450°C while distilling;; | A n/a B <1 C 53% |
In neat (no solvent) decomposition at 390°C, formation of acetone, Na2CO3 and traces of C between 410 and 450°C while distilling;; | A n/a B <1 C 53% |
sodium formate
lithium hydroxide
A
sodium oxalate
B
sodium carbonate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In solid byproducts: H2; reaction of sodium formate with LiOH (1:0.05) in N2 atmosphere, the heating rate 6 deg/min; | A 49% B n/a |
A
triphenylphosphine tungsten pentacarbonyl
B
sodium formate
C
sodium hydrogencarbonate
D
sodium carbonate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With carbon dioxide; triphenylphosphine In acetonitrile Irradiation (UV/VIS); (Ar or N2); UV irradn. (>420 nm) of soln. of W compd. and PPh3 with stirring at ca. 20°C for ca. 12 h under CO2 pressure, formed ppt. was sepd.; W(CO)5PPh3 was detected IR spect. in filtrate, not isolated; NaHCOO detected 1HNMR spect. in D2O soln. of ppt.; Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 detd. in aq. soln. of ppt. by titrn.; | A 70-90 B 20% C 18% D 39% |
A
triphenylphosphine tungsten pentacarbonyl
trans-triphenylphosphane tetracarbonyltungsten
C
sodium formate
D
sodium hydrogencarbonate
E
sodium carbonate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With carbon dioxide; triphenylphosphine In acetonitrile Irradiation (UV/VIS); (Ar or N2); UV irradn. (>420 nm) of soln. of W compd. and PPh3 with stirring at ca. 20°C for ca. 12 h under CO2 pressure, formed ppt. was sepd.; W compds. were detected IR spect. in filtrate, not isolated; NaHCOO detected 1HNMR spect. in D2O soln. of ppt.; Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 detd. in aq. soln. of ppt. by titrn.; | A n/a B n/a C 30% D 29% E 27% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Hydrolysis; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With ozone at 20℃; Mechanism; Rate constant; Thermodynamic data; variation in pH, acidity of solution, and temperature; activation energy; |
alpha-D-glucopyranose
A
ethanol
B
sodium glycolate
C
sodium carbonate
D
sodium lactate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide at 145℃; for 1h; Product distribution; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide at 145℃; for 1h; Product distribution; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide at 145℃; for 1h; Product distribution; |
Sodium carbonate is also known as soda ash with the chemical formula Na2CO3. It is a white powder or granules which is odorless. You should keep it in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. In addition, you must protect it against physical damage and isolate from incompatible substances. The substance is stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage. Meanwhile, with the CAS register number 497-19-8, it has the EINECS registry number 207-838-8.
Physical properties about Sodium carbonate are: (1)ACD/LogP: -0.809; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): -1.98; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): -3.77; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1.00 ; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.00; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 1.00; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 1.00; (8)#H bond acceptors: 3; (9)#H bond donors: 2; (10)Flash Point: 169.8 °C ; (11)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 63.37 kJ/mol; (12)Boiling Point: 333.6 °C at 760 mmHg; (13)Vapour Pressure: 2.58E-05 mmHg at 25°C
Preparation of Sodium carbonate : Sodium carbonate can be extracted from the ashes of many plants. It is synthetically produced in large quantities from table salt and limestone in a process known as the Solvay process. The process needs calcium carbonate which is heated to release carbon dioxide at the bottom of the tower and ammonia used to convert sodium chloride to sodium carbonate at the top of the tower. The sodium bicarbonate was then converted to Sodium carbonate by heating it, releasing water and carbon dioxide:
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Meanwhile, Sodium carbonate can also be prepared by ammonia, carbon dioxide and saturation salt, called as union system alkaline which is improved from Solvay process by Hou Debang. This reaction has three steps as the follwing:
NH3 + CO2 + H2O → NH4HCO3
NH4HCO3 + NaCl → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Uses of Sodium carbonate: Sodium carbonate is domestically well known for its everyday use as a water softener. It also has the most important use to manufacture glass. Sodium carbonate is also used as a relatively strong base in various settings. For example, sodium carbonate is used as a pH regulator to maintain stable alkaline conditions necessary for the action of the majority of developing agents. In domestic use, Sodium carbonate is used as a water softener during laundry. It is often used as an electrolyte in chemistry. This is because electrolytes are usually salt-based, and sodium carbonate acts as a very good conductor in the process of electrolysis. It is also used as a primary standard for acid-base titrations because it is solid and air-stable, making it easy to weigh accurately. In dyeing with fiber-reactive dyes, sodium carbonate is used to ensure proper chemical bonding of the dye with the fibers, typically before dyeing, mixed with the dye, or after dyeing.
When using Sodium carbonate, you must be cautious about it. The substance is irritant to eyes, respiratory system and skin and toxic to aquatic organisms which may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Whenever you will contact or use it, you must wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)Canonical SMILES: C(=O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+]
(2)InChI: InChI=1S/CH2O3.2Na/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2
(3)InChIKey: CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Toxicity of Sodium carbonate:
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
guinea pig | LC50 | inhalation | 800mg/m3/2H (800mg/m3) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA GASTROINTESTINAL: OTHER CHANGES | Environmental Research. Vol. 31, Pg. 138, 1983. |
man | LDLo | oral | 714mg/kg (714mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: GENERAL ANESTHETIC GASTROINTESTINAL: ULCERATION OR BLEEDING FROM SMALL INTESTINE GASTROINTESTINAL: OTHER CHANGES | Gekkan Yakuji. Pharmaceuticals Monthly. Vol. 32, Pg. 570, 1990. |
mouse | LC50 | inhalation | 1200mg/m3/2H (1200mg/m3) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA GASTROINTESTINAL: OTHER CHANGES | Environmental Research. Vol. 31, Pg. 138, 1983. |
mouse | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 117mg/kg (117mg/kg) | Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances, Academie des Sciences. Vol. 257, Pg. 791, 1963. | |
mouse | LD50 | oral | 6600mg/kg (6600mg/kg) | Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya. Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. Vol. 20(11), Pg. 55, 1976. | |
mouse | LD50 | subcutaneous | 2210mg/kg (2210mg/kg) | Russian Pharmacology and Toxicology Vol. 33, Pg. 266, 1970. | |
rat | LC50 | inhalation | 2300mg/m3/2H (2300mg/m3) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA GASTROINTESTINAL: OTHER CHANGES | Environmental Research. Vol. 31, Pg. 138, 1983. |
rat | LD50 | oral | 4090mg/kg (4090mg/kg) | "Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J.V., Institut Pro Vychovu Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1972Vol. -, Pg. 8, 1972. |
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