2-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride supplier

Name
2-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride
EINECS 226-787-2
CAS No. 5468-37-1
Article Data51
CAS DataBase
Density 1.084g/cm3
Solubility
Melting Point 194 °C (dec.)(lit.)
Formula C₈H₉NO^.HCl
Boiling Point 247.3 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Weight 171.626
Flash Point 103.4 °C
Transport Information
Appearance off-white crystalline powder
Safety 37/39-26
Risk Codes 36/37/38
Molecular Structure
Hazard Symbols Xi
Synonyms Acetophenone,2-amino-, hydrochloride (8CI);Ethanone, 2-amino-1-phenyl-, hydrochloride(9CI);2-Amino-1-phenyl-1-ethanone hydrochloride;2-Amino-1-phenylethanonehydrochloride;Phenacylamine hydrochloride;alpha-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride;
PSA 43.09000
LogP 2.33030

Synthetic route

: 70-11-1
α-bromoacetophenone

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: α-bromoacetophenone With hexamethylenetetramine In chloroform at 50℃; for 2h; Delepine Amine Synthesis; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In ethanol for 2h; Reflux;	99%
Stage #1: α-bromoacetophenone With hexamethylenetetramine In diethyl ether at 20℃; for 12h; Delepine Amine Synthesis; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride; water In ethanol for 3h; Reflux;	97%
Stage #1: α-bromoacetophenone With hexamethylenetetramine In chloroform at 20℃; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In ethanol; water at 20℃; for 16h;	94%

: 614-21-1
2-nitroacetophenone

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen; sulfided platinum on carbon In hydrogenchloride; ethanol at 50℃; under 760 Torr; for 2h;	98%

: 128038-38-0
C6H9NO4

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In ethanol; water for 48h; Ambient temperature;	96%

: 127118-86-9
2-diformylamino-1-phenylethanone

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; ethanol for 48h; Ambient temperature;	95%
With hydrogenchloride In ethanol for 48h; Ambient temperature; Yield given;

: 191104-42-4
L-2-methyl-4-N-benzoylpentaphenone

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In methanol Heating; 1;	95%

: 1816-88-2
2-azido-1-phenylethan-1-one

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 2-azido-1-phenylethan-1-one With tin(II) chloride dihdyrate In methanol at 20℃; Inert atmosphere; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In methanol for 12h; Inert atmosphere;	92%
With hydrogenchloride; hydrogen; palladium on activated charcoal In methanol under 2327.2 Torr; for 5h; Ambient temperature;	86%

: 38061-23-3, 81202-39-3
α-Phenylacyl amino acid methyl ester hydrochloride

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride	92%

: 1386376-82-4
(R)-N-tert-butanesulfinyl 2-oxo-2-phenylethylamine

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In methanol at 20℃; for 1h;	92%

: 1386376-70-0
(R)-N-tert-butanesulfinyl 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylethylamine

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In methanol at 20℃; for 1h;	90%
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate / dichloromethane / 0.5 h / -78 °C 2: hydrogenchloride / methanol / 1 h / 20 °C View Scheme

: 91994-49-9
2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)acetamide

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In water; isopropyl alcohol at 40℃;	89%
With potassium hydroxide at 20℃; for 0.25h;	84%

: 1386376-71-1
(R)-N-tert-butanesulfinyl 2,2-diethoxy-2-phenylethylamine

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In methanol at 20℃; for 1h;	89%
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate / dichloromethane / 0.5 h / -78 °C 2: hydrogenchloride / methanol / 1 h / 20 °C View Scheme

: 1-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-ethyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azonia-tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane chloride

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In ethanol at 20℃; for 72h; Hydrolysis;	85%

: 614-21-1
2-nitroacetophenone

A: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

B: 4561-43-7
2-amino-1-phenylethanol hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen; platinum on activated charcoal In hydrogenchloride; ethanol at 50℃; under 760 Torr; Product distribution; further catalyst, variation of the amount of hydrogen;	A 63% B n/a

: 85231-97-6
C17H26NO6P

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In benzene Ambient temperature;	62%

: 100-97-0
hexamethylenetetramine

: 532-27-4
1-chloroacetophenone

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
at 20℃; aus der additionellen Verbindung, durch Einw. von alkoh. Salzsaeure;

: 37394-52-8
hexamethylene tetramine salt of ω-bromoacetophenone

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In ethanol

: 532-27-4
1-chloroacetophenone

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; hexamethylenetetramine; sodium iodide 1.) ethanol, chloroform, room temp., 20 h; 2.) ethanol, 50-52 deg C, 3 h; Yield given. Multistep reaction;
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: 84.7 percent / CH2Cl2 / 1 h / 20 °C 2: 85 percent / aq. HCl / ethanol / 72 h / 20 °C View Scheme
Stage #1: 1-chloroacetophenone With hexamethylenetetramine In chloroform at 20℃; for 4h; Delepine Amine Synthesis; Stage #2: With hydrogenchloride In methanol for 4h; Delepine Amine Synthesis; Reflux;

: 613-89-8
2-Aminoacetophenone

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In ethanol at 50 - 55℃; Yield given;

: 18197-26-7
sodium diformamide

: 70-11-1
α-bromoacetophenone

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride 1a) EtOH, RT, 2h, 1b) 50 deg C, 30 min, 2) 30 min, reflux; Yield given. Multistep reaction;
1.) EtOH, 2 h; 2.) HCl, room temp., 2 d,; Yield given. Multistep reaction;

: 1-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane bromide

A: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

B: 37394-53-9
α-Aminoacetophenone hydrobromide

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In ethanol for 72h; Ambient temperature; Title compound not separated from byproducts;

: 100-58-3
phenylmagnesium bromide

A: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

B hydrobromide of ω-amino-acetophenone: hydrobromide of ω-amino-acetophenone

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: 20 percent / n-BuLi / tetrahydrofuran; hexane; formic acid / -78 - 20 °C 2: 95 percent / 6N aq.HCl / methanol / Heating; 1 View Scheme

: 38061-18-6
methyl 5-phenyl-4-oxazolecarboxylate

A: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

B 5-phenyl-oxazole-2-carbonyl chloride: 5-phenyl-oxazole-2-carbonyl chloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: 80 percent / HCl 2: 92 percent / HCl View Scheme

: 1-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane bromide

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; water In ethanol for 1.5h; Reflux;

: 98-86-2
acetophenone

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1.1: bromine / dichloromethane / 20 °C 2.1: hexamethylenetetramine / chloroform / 2 h / 50 °C 2.2: 2 h / Reflux View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1.1: bromine / diethyl ether / 1.17 h / 0 - 5 °C 2.1: hexamethylenetetramine / chloroform / 4 h / 20 °C 2.2: 3 h / Reflux View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1.1: copper(ll) bromide / ethyl acetate; chloroform / Reflux 2.1: hexamethylenetetramine / chloroform / 2 h / 20 °C 2.2: 48 h / 20 °C View Scheme

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 98-88-4
benzoyl chloride

: 4190-14-1
N-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)benzamide

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In dichloromethane; water at 20℃; Cooling with ice;	100%
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In ethyl acetate Ambient temperature;	90%
With sodium carbonate for 4h;	84%

: 59938-06-6, 17129-06-5
4-ethoxy-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-butene-2-one

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 142991-64-8
(Z)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-4-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-ethylamino)-but-3-en-2-one

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine In acetonitrile for 4h; Ambient temperature;	100%

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 135351-20-1, 102145-82-4
1,1,1-trifluoro-4-methoxypent-3-en-2-one

: 142991-70-6
(Z)-1,1,1-Trifluoro-4-(2-oxo-2-phenyl-ethylamino)-pent-3-en-2-one

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine In acetonitrile for 4h; Ambient temperature;	100%

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 56613-81-1
(S)-2-Amino-1-phenyl-1-ethanol

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogen; triethylamine; (2S,4S)-BCPM-rhodium In methanol at 50℃; under 15200 Torr; for 20h;	100%
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps 1: pyridine / 10 h / Ambient temperature 2: 88 percent / NaBH4 / ethanol / 6 h / 0 °C 3: 42 percent / 4 Angstroem sieves / hexane; tetrahydrofuran / 240 h / 25 °C / lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia 4: 10percent aq. HCl / methanol View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps 1: pyridine / 10 h / Ambient temperature 2: 84 percent / NaBH4 / ethanol / 6 h / 0 °C 3: 43 percent / 4 Angstroem sieves / diisopropyl ether / 36 h / 25 °C / lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia 4: 10percent aq. HCl / methanol View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps 1: pyridine / 10 h / Ambient temperature 2: 90 percent / NaBH4 / ethanol / 6 h / 0 °C 3: 4 Angstroem sieves / hexane; tetrahydrofuran / 120 h / 25 °C / lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia 4: 10percent aq. HCl / methanol View Scheme
Multi-step reaction with 4 steps 1: pyridine / 10 h / Ambient temperature 2: 93 percent / NaBH4 / ethanol / 6 h / 0 °C 3: 39 percent / 4 Angstroem sieves / hexane; tetrahydrofuran / 48 h / 25 °C / lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia 4: 10percent aq. HCl / methanol View Scheme

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 874-60-2
4-methyl-benzoyl chloride

: 82221-14-5
4-Methyl-N-[1-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)]benzamide

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In ethyl acetate Ambient temperature;	100%
With sodium carbonate at 20℃; for 2h; Acylation;	82%

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 122-01-0
4-chloro-benzoyl chloride

: 82221-13-4
4-Chloro-N-[1-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)]benzamide

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In ethyl acetate Ambient temperature;	100%
With pyridine Acylation; Heating;	78.5%
With sodium acetate for 4h;	42%

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 586-75-4
4-chlorobenzoyl chloride

: 37611-23-7
4-Bromo-N-[1-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)]benzamide

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In ethyl acetate Ambient temperature;	99%
With pyridine Acylation; Heating;	77.4%
With sodium acetate for 4h;	48%
With pyridine for 0.5h; Heating;

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 124-63-0
methanesulfonyl chloride

: 56062-81-8
N-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)methanesulfonamide

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 0 - 20℃; for 12h;	98%
With triethylamine In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 0 - 20℃; for 12h;	98%
With 4-methyl-morpholine In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one at 0℃; for 1h;	85%

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 79-30-1
isobutyryl chloride

: 218768-05-9
C12H15NO2

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In dichloromethane; water at 20℃; Cooling with ice;	96%
With sodium carbonate In dichloromethane; water at 0 - 20℃;

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 100-07-2
4-methoxy-benzoyl chloride

: 30252-15-4
4-methoxy-N-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)benzamide

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In ethyl acetate Ambient temperature;	95%
With sodium carbonate

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 109947-42-4
1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-isothiocyanato-α-D-glucopyranose

: 112290-68-3
1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(3-phenacylthioureido)-α-D-glucopyranose

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In water; acetone for 2h; Ambient temperature;	95%

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 135104-02-8
1,1-Diphenyl-2-iodoethyl isocyanate

: 135104-00-6
N-(2-Iodo-1,1-diphenylethyl)-N'-phenacylurea

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In water; acetone for 0.5h; Ambient temperature;	95%

: 1590389-14-2
potassium (4-fluorobenzoyl)trifluoroborate

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 2368-16-3
4-Fluoro-N-[1-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)]benzamide

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 1.5h; pH=3; chemoselective reaction;	95%

: 1645-65-4
4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 5-phenyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)oxazol-2-amine

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate; 2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride With potassium carbonate In acetonitrile at 0 - 25℃; for 2h; Stage #2: With iodine; potassium carbonate In acetonitrile at 60℃; for 1h;	95%
With tetra-(n-butyl)ammonium iodide; triethylamine In methanol; acetonitrile at 0℃; for 5h; Electrolysis;	78%

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 2131-61-5
p-nitrophenyl isothiocyanate

: N-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyloxazol-2-amine

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride; p-nitrophenyl isothiocyanate With potassium carbonate In acetonitrile at 0 - 25℃; for 1h; Stage #2: With iodine; potassium carbonate In acetonitrile at 60℃; for 0.5h;	95%
With tetra-(n-butyl)ammonium iodide; triethylamine In methanol; acetonitrile at 0℃; for 5h; Electrolysis;	82%

: 23165-29-9
3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenylisothiocyanate

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-phenyloxazol-2-amine

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With tetra-(n-butyl)ammonium iodide; triethylamine In methanol; acetonitrile at 0℃; for 5h; Electrolysis;	95%

: 1501-26-4
methyl 4-(chlorocarbonyl)butyrate

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 133602-35-4
N-(4-Carbomethoxybutanoyl)-2-aminoacetophenone

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In pyridine	94%

: 38765-81-0, 89877-27-0, 137575-61-2
trans-1-iodo-2-isocyanatocyclohexane

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 135103-96-7
N-(trans-2-Iodocyclohexyl)-N'-phenacylurea

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In water; acetone for 0.5h; Ambient temperature;	94%

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 103-71-9
phenyl isocyanate

: 2-oxo-3,4-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-imidazole-1-carboxylic acid phenylamide

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In toluene Heating;	94%

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 104-12-1
p-chlorphenylisocyanate

: 109130-44-1
N-(4-Chlorophenyl)carbamoyl-α-aminoacetophenone

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium carbonate In water at 20℃; for 24h;	94%

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 4023-34-1
cyclopropanecarboxylic acid chloride

: N-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)cyclopropanecarboxamide

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With triethylamine In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃;	94%

: 64285-95-6
1-isothiocyanato-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzene

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 5-phenyl-N-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)oxazol-2-amine

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With tetra-(n-butyl)ammonium iodide; triethylamine In methanol; acetonitrile at 0℃; for 5h; Electrolysis;	93%

: 14794-31-1
ethyl 3-(chloroformyl)propionate

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 133602-34-3
N-(3-Carbethoxypropanoyl)-ω-aminoacetophenone

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In pyridine at 25℃; for 96h;	92%

: 24424-99-5
di-tert-butyl dicarbonate

: 5468-37-1
2-aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

: 76477-26-4
(2-Oxo-2-phenylethyl)carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In ethanol at 20℃; for 48h;	92%
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In methanol for 20h;	91%
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In methanol; water for 20h;	91%

2-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride Specification

The IUPAC name of 2-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride is 2-amino-1-phenylethanone hydrochloride. With the CAS registry number 5468-37-1, it is also named as Ethanone, 2-amino-1-phenyl-, hydrochloride. The product's classification code is Drug / Therapeutic Agent. Besides, it is off-white crystalline powder, which should be stored in sealed, dark, cool and dry place at 4 °C. In addition, its molecular formula is C₈H₉NO^.HCl and molecular weight is 171.62.

The other characteristics of this product can be summarized as: (1)EINECS: 226-787-2; (2)ACD/LogP: 0.81; (3)# of Rule of 5 Violations: 0; (4)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): -1.16; (5)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): 0.46; (6)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1; (7)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.08; (8)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 1; (9)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 29.19; (10)#H bond acceptors: 2; (11)#H bond donors: 2; (12)#Freely Rotating Bonds: 3; (13)Polar Surface Area: 17.07 Å²; (14)Flash Point: 103.4 °C; (15)Melting Point: 194 °C; (16)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 48.45 kJ/mol; (17)Boiling Point: 247.3 °C at 760 mmHg; (18)Vapour Pressure: 0.0258 mmHg at 25 °C.

Preparation of 2-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride: this chemical can be prepared by 2-Azido-1-phenyl-ethanone.

This reaction needs HCl, H₂, 10percent Pd/C and Methanol at ambient temperature for 5 hours. The yield is 86 %.

Uses of 2-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride: this chemical is used as intermediate of oil-soluble color former. Similarly, it can react with Acetic acid anhydride to get N-Phenacyl-acetamide.

The yield is 78 %.

When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following: it is irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. In case of contact with eyes, please rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. And you should wear gloves and eye/face protection.

People can use the following data to convert to the molecule structure.
(1)Canonical SMILES: C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(=O)CN.Cl
(2)InChI: InChI=1S/C8H9NO.ClH/c9-6-8(10)7-4-2-1-3-5-7;/h1-5H,6,9H2;1H
(3)InChIKey: CVXGFPPAIUELDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

The toxicity data is as follows:

Organism	Test Type	Route	Reported Dose (Normalized Dose)	Effect	Source
mouse	LDLo	intravenous	350mg/kg (350mg/kg)		Quarterly Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology. Vol. 9, Pg. 203, 1936.

Product Name

2-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Synthetic route

2-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride Specification

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