The association constant for calcium binding to hydroxybenzoates in aqueous 0.16 M NaCl at 25 °C was found electrochemically to have the value Kass = 280 mol L−1 with ΔHo = −51 kJ mol−1, ΔSo = −122 J mol−1 K−1 for the 2-isomer (salicylate), Kass = 7 mol L−1 with ΔHo = −39 kJ mol−1, ΔSo = −1...

The photosensitized oxidation of benzyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (benzylparaben, BeP), the endocrine disrupting compound, in homogenous aqueous solution of 4,4′,4″,4‴-(porphine-5,10,15,20-tetrayl)tetrakis(benzenesulphonic acid) (TPPS4) as photosensitizer was examined. A xenon lamp simulating solar ra...

Polyprenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate transferase (Coq2p) plays a central role in ubiquinone biosynthesis. Coq2p mediates the conjugation of 4-hydroxybenzoate, the benzoquinone ring precursor, with the completed side chain. The activity is most easily assayed by measuring the rate of incorporation of 4-h...

The aromatic acid:H+ symporter family of integral membrane proteins play an important role in the microbial metabolism of aromatic compounds. Here, we show that the 4-hydroxybenzoate transporter from Acinetobacter sp. ADP1, PcaK, can be successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified...

Butyl 3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (BB), octyl 3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (OB), and dodecyl 3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (DB) were synthesized and characterized, and their performance as antioxidant for polypropylene (PP) were also investigated. The thermooxidative stability ...

The catalytic esterification of sodium 4-hydroxybenzoate with benzyl bromide by ultrasound-assisted solid–liquid phase-transfer catalysis (U-SLPTC) was investigated using the novel dual-site phase-transfer catalyst 4,4′-bis(tributylammoniomethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl dichloride (BTBAMBC), which was ...

4-Hydroxybenzoate (4HBA) is a valuable platform intermediate for the production of commodity and fine chemicals, including protocatechuate, cis,cis-muconic acid, adipic acid, terephthalic acid, phenol, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol glycoside (gastrodin). Here we describe rational enginee...

Some clinical studies indicate that scopolamine may induce a rapid antidepressant effect. Although scopolamine is a muscarinic antagonist, it seems that not only cholinergic but also glutamatergic and GABAergic systems might be involved in the mechanism of its antidepressant activity in animal m...

Scopolamine is an anticholinergic alkaloid that is widely used in the form of a transdermal system to manage nausea associated with motion sickness. Currently available methods to quantify scopolamine require large sample volumes and involve cumbersome sample preparation. In this work, a simple ...

Muscarinic antagonist scopolamine has been extensively used to model amnesia in lab rodents, but most studies have focused on the effects of pre-training scopolamine administration. Here, we examined post-training scopolamine administration in C57BL/6JRj mice. Learning was assessed in three diff...

Increased perseveration is associated with aging and leads to an impaired ability to cope with problems. Aging is also associated with progressing dysfunction of the cholinergic system which is involved in the regulation of various cognitive processes. Therefore, we tested an effect of an antich...

Depression is a common, debilitating mood disorder, but currently available antidepressants have several major drawbacks. Both ketamine and scopolamine attract more and more attention due to their rapid and sustained antidepressant activities. However, the molecular and cellular mechanism that u...

Publisher SummaryThis chapter discusses the analytical profile of scopolamine hydrobromide. Generic names of scopolamine hydrobromide are: scopolamine hydrobromide; hyoscine hydrobromide; scopolammonium bromide; and scopolamine bromohydrate. The structure of scopolamine has been confirmed by tot...

An accurate, simple, reproducible and sensitive method for the determination of atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide has been developed and validated. Atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide were separated using a μBondapack C18 column by isocratic elution with flow rate 1.0 ml/m...

Canagliflozin (CAN) is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor indicated to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is a little information about its effect on the cholinergic system that proposed mechanism for memory improvement occurring by SGLT2 dru...

SummaryThe rates of ATP formation in Anacystis nidulans were calculated from the difference of the ATP level in dark and after one second illumination. The conditions used were N2, N2 + O2, and air + CO2 in combination with added inhibitors. One of them was DCMU [3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dkneth...

The effect of desaspidin, ortho-desaspidin, flavaspidic acid, nor-flavaspidic acid and desaspidinol on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria was studied.All these substances uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. Desaspidin and orthodesaspidin show maximum activity in ...

The uncoupling effect on oxidative phosphorylation of desaspidin and some related phlorobutyrophenone derivatives has been demonstrated earlier (Runeberg 1962). This report deals with the effect of these substances on mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase).

Cancer immunotherapy and the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors have markedly changed the treatment paradigm for many cancers. They function to disrupt cancer cell evasion of the immune response and activate sustained anti-tumor immunity. Oncolytic viruses have also emerged as an addition...

Myxoma virus, a member of the Poxviridae family (genus Leporipoxvirus) is the agent responsible for myxomatosis in the European rabbit. Recombinant myxoma viruses expressing the capsid gene of an F9 strain of feline calicivirus (FCV) were constructed from an apathogenic, laboratory attenuated, i...