A selective and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of glycyl–l-histidyl–l-lysine (GHK), a liver-cell growth factor isolated from human plasma, and its metabolite, l-histidyl–l-lysine (HK), in rat plasma. Both high selectivity an...

Gly-His-Lys, a tripeptide isolated from human plasma that increases the growth rate of many cells, stimulated in dose-dependent fashion the activity of phosphorylase a in isolated rat hepatocytes. Such effect was associated to increases in both IP3 production and [Ca++]i. Interestingly, these ef...

Glycyl-histidyl-lysine-Cu2+ is a tripeptide–copper complex previously shown to be an activator of wound healing. We have investigated the effects of glycyl-histidyl-lysine-Cu2+ on the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and small proteoglycans in a model of rat experimental wounds and in rat dermal...

Evidence is presented that the growth factor glycylhistidyl-lysine (GHK) binds to heparin, and the interaction has been characterized by [1H]NMR spectroscopy. 1H chemical shifts indicate that GHK interacts with both the carboxylic acid and the carboxylate forms of heparin. The chemical shift dat...

We investigated the expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases in a model of experimental wounds in rats, and their modulation by glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu(II), a potent activator of wound repair. Wound chambers were inserted under the skin of Sprague–Dawley rats and received se...

Acrolein (ACR) is a well-known carbonyl toxin produced by lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is involved in several life-threatening pathologies such as Alzheimer disease, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, and nephropathy.The aim of this work was to study the quenching ability of...

Copper complex formation equilibria of glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (Gly-His-Lys, GHK) and of two synthetic analogues, where the histidine residue was replaced with a synthetic amino acid (L-spinacine or L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid), have been carefully investigated using d...

Complex-formation equilibria between the Ni(II) ion and the natural tripeptide glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine have been investigated. Two synthetic analogues, where the histidine residue has been substituted with l-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-6-carboxylic acid (l-Spinacine) and l-1,...

In mammalian organisms copper can be found mainly in the form of complex with specific tripeptide, GHK-Cu (glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu(II)). GHK-Cu is the basic form in which copper is transported in tissues and permeates through cell membranes. The penetration ability of GHK-Cu through the st...

Suppressing cytokine responses has frequently been shown to have promising therapeutic effects for many chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the severe side effects associated with the long-term use of current treatments, such as allergic reactions and increased risk of stroke,...

This work describes the derivatization of dextran using N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-S-(trityl)-L-cysteine in the presence of N,N′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) as a coupling agent. Homogeneous reactions in dimethyl sulfoxide allowed for an efficient coupling of the amino acid derivative to the polyme...

Mixed anhydride method with condensation agent isobutyl chloroformate is described for obtaining a series of p-nitroanilides of FMOC-Pro-, FMOC-Ala-, FMOC-Leu-, FMOC-Ile-, FMOC-Trp., FMOC-Asp(OtBu)-, FMOC-Gln(Trt)-, FMOC-Hyp- and FMOC-Hyp(OtBu)- in good yields and in an optical pure form. The us...

ZusammenfassungThe preparation of the N-Fmoc-O-Trt derivatives of serine, threonine and tyrosine is described. Their usefulness in peptide synthesis has been determined in the successful solid phase preparation of the partially protected ACTH (fragment 1–10) and peptide T 12. The latter, having...

A building block method for the SPPS of serine phosphopeptides has been developed using a combination of Fmoc and Alloc strategies. Alloc-Ser[PO(OCH2CHCH2)2]-OH, prepared in a one-pot procedure from Alloc-Ser-OH, was introduced at the N-terminus of a sequence prepared by standard Fmoc-SPPS. Gl...

Publisher SummaryHeterosteroids have recently received much attention. The altered chemical and physical properties are envisaged to lead to the discovery of new substances having the potential of providing some useful drugs. Heterosteroids are divided into nucleo- and extranucleo-categories. Th...

Treatment of 1,5-hexadien-3-ols in acetic acid by Pd(0) [Pd(PPh3)4] led to 1-methyl-1,3-cyclopentadienes. Cyclization is improved by the presence of catalytic amount of trifluoroacetic acid. Mechanism is discussed from the observed results with deuterated alcohols.

BackgroundBiological prostheses are preferred for surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in patients aged >70 years in clinical practice. We studied differences in long-term outcomes between SAVR patients aged >70 years who received mechanical and biological prosthetic valves.

Osteoclasts are bone resorbing cells acting as key mediators of bone disorders. Upon adhesion to bone, osteoclasts polarize and reorganize their cytoskeleton to generate a ring-like F-actin-rich structure, the sealing zone, wherein the osteoclast's resorptive organelle, the ruffled border, ...

An enantioselective liquid chromatographic assay for the determinations of the R,R- and S,S-enantiomers of vamicamide, a potent anticholinergic drug, in human serum and urine is described. Racemic vamicamide and internal standard were purified from biological fluids using a two-step extraction p...

PurposeTo investigate the usefulness of vamicamide, (plus/minus)-(2R*, 4R*)-4-dimethylamino-2-phenyl-2-(2-pyridyl)valeramide, as a novel drug for the treatment of urinary frequency and incontinence.