Publisher SummaryThis chapter describes the enzymic reduction of d-biotin d-sulfoxide to d-biotin. Biotin sulfoxides are ubiquitous in nature; they are present in the culture filtrates of various microorganisms and in cows' milk. The d-isomer is an oxidative product contaminating most prepa...

Exiguobacterium sp. PMA utilized 4-chloroindole as its sole source of carbon and energy. The effect of initial concentrations of substrate on the 4-chloroindole degradation was studied and observed that strain PMA was capable of degrading 4-chloroindole up to concentration of 0.5 mM. The degrada...

ObjectiveTo examine the efficacy of trospium chloride and tolterodine on the renal parenchymal inflammatory process and upper urinary dilation in rats with chronic partial upper urinary tract obstruction.

ObjectivesTo examine the effects of combined use of trospium chloride and melatonin on in vitro contractility of rat urinary bladder.

The overactive bladder (OAB) is a common disease with an overactivity of the detrusor muscle in the bladder wall. Besides peroral administration of anticholinergic drugs and bladder irrigations, there is a need for a sustained release formulation in the urinary bladder. In order to realise a loc...

ObjectivesAfter prostate brachytherapy, pronounced urinary irritative symptomatology occurs in a substantial minority of patients. In this study, we evaluated the impact of trospium chloride in prostate brachytherapy patients with symptoms consistent with an overactive bladder (OAB).

AimTo conduct a comprehensive study of adverse factors and decreasing patients’ adherence during treatment with trospium.

PurposeAn extended release formulation of trospium chloride was recently developed for the once daily treatment of overactive bladder. We investigated the safety, efficacy and tolerability of 60 mg trospium chloride once daily.

ABSTRACTObjectivesOveractive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a urinary condition that often exerts detrimental effects on an individual's quality of life (QoL). A once-daily, extended-release (ER) formulation of the quaternary amine trospium chloride has recently been developed for the treatment ...

BackgroundAnticholinergic drugs constitute the first-line pharmacologic treatment for overactive bladder (OAB). Of the various anticholinergic agents available, trospium chloride appears to have potentially favorable chemical and pharmacologic properties leading to reduce the incidence of centra...

The search for various solid forms of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is an important step in drug development. Our aim was to prepare co-crystals of trospium chloride, an anticholinergic drug used for the treatment of incontinence, and to investigate if they have advantageous properti...

Intestinal P-glycoprotein is regio-selectively expressed and is a high affinity, low capacity efflux carrier for the cationic, poorly permeable trospium. Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) provides lower affinity but higher capacity for trospium uptake. To evaluate regional intestinal permeabil...

SummaryThe gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used to identify unusual medium-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the snow alga Chloromonas brevispina collected in 2006 from surface layers of a snow field with conspicuous green patches in Bohemian Forest (Czech Repu...

The β-oxidation of [3H] arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4 n-6) and the conversion of [1–14C]eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) have been studied in skin fibroblasts from patients with inherited peroxisomal diseases, such as Zellweger (ZW) and X-linked adreno...

The first reaction of mitochondrial β-oxidation, which is catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, was studied with unsaturated fatty acids that have a double bond either at the 4,5 or 5,6 position. The CoA thioesters of docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, 4,7,10-cis-hexadecatrienoic acid, 5-c...

Human skin fibroblasts convert [5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-3H]arachidonic acid to two radiolabeled polar metabolites that accumulate in the culture medium. Previous studies identified the most abundant of these products as 4,7,10-hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3). We have now identified the second metabolit...

We used a nanofiltration (NF) membrane process to produce purified aqueous sulfuric acid from copper-refining sulfuric acid wastewater. Wastewater generated from a copper-refining process was used to explore the membrane performances and acid stabilities of six commercial NF membranes. A combina...

Experimental prediction of the thermodynamic behavior of the aqueous sulfuric acid system is complex due to its low volatility, chemical speciation of the sulfuric acid at low concentration, formation of azeotrope and decomposition of the sulfuric acid at high concentration and temperature. In t...

AimsIn recent years there is a tremendous increase of drug resistant pathogens, leading to the design and development of newer antibacterial agents. Various novel carbonyl pyrrole derivatives have been prepared to study on the basis of pharmacological activities in drugs discovery.

The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments of 2-(phenoxymethyl)benzimidazole have been investigated experimentally and theoretically using Gaussian09 software package. The energy and oscillator strength calculated by time dependent density f...