We tested three different methods to isolate starch from the residue of annatto pigment extraction, namely water steeping (WS), acid steeping (AS), and alkaline steeping (KS), and analyzed how these methods affected the chemical composition, the antioxidant activity, and the physical characteris...

In this paper, biorefinery coproducts from the annatto and turmeric were characterized aiming their application in the manufacture of new products. Therefore, the objective of this work was to study annatto and turmeric coproducts obtained after integrated and intensified extraction processes ba...

Light is a key factor influencing growth and development in plants. Specific irradiance and light quality can improve development and production of secondary compounds such as carotenoids during plant tissue culture. Bixin and norbixin, two apocarotenoids obtained from the seeds of Bixa orellana...

A fraction of annatto is often transferred to the whey fluid during Cheddar cheese processing, which negatively impacts the visual and sensory attributes of the resultant whey powder. Alternatives to reduce the color in the powder are still needed. In this study, casein-chitosan complexes were p...

This chapter describes Annatto (Bixa orellana L.)—its origins, botanical aspects, harvest and post-harvest, production and trade. Besides, there are more information about chemical composition, biosynthesis, biological activities of annatto compounds and application.

In this work, the partitioning of natural annatto pigments in aqueous two-phase systems formed by poly(ethylene) glycol polymers (1500 or 4000 or 6000 g mol−1) or triblock copolymer L35 (2000 g mol−1) + sodium citrate + water was studied in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The hyp...

The present work proposed a two-step sequential scCO2 extraction process to selectively extract the main bioactive compounds from annatto seeds, geranylgeraniol and tocols, aiming to diversify and to improve the added-value of annatto seeds products. Firstly, pressure (10, 17, 24 and 31 MPa) and...

Abrin, a potent plant-derived toxin bearing strong resemblance to ricin, irreversibly inactivates ribosomes by site-specific depurination, thereby precipitating cessation of protein synthesis in cells. Due to its high availability and ease of preparation, abrin is considered a biological threat,...

In this paper, sensitive detections on abrin are demonstrated in real-time by piezoresistive (PZR) cantilever sensors. With attempts to optimize the design and fabrication of the PZR cantilevers, the voltage fluctuation of the PZR sensors was decreased to 1 μV and the signal to noise ratio (SNR...

Abrus precatorius has been known since ancient times, as has the fact that the seeds contain a deadly toxin determined to be abrin. Herein is an overview of the analytical techniques and methods that have been used to determine abrin and compare abrin with the related small molecule abrine in fo...

Ricin is a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein derived from the beans of the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis. It exerts toxicity by inhibiting protein synthesis. Many of the features seen in poisoning can be explained by ricin-induced endothelial cell damage, which leads to fluid and protein...

Abrin is a potent plant toxin analogous to ricin that is derived from the seeds of Abrus precatorius plant. It belongs to the family of type II ribosome-inactivating proteins and causes cell death by irreversibly inactivating ribosomes through site-specific depurination. In this study we examine...

Abrin, a type II ribosome inactivating protein from the Abrus precatorius plant, is extremely toxic. It has been shown to be 75 times more potent than its infamous sister toxin, ricin and their potential use in bio-warfare is a cause of major concern. Although several vaccine candidates are unde...

Abrin is a cytotoxic protein isolated from seeds of leguminous plants and has become a potential bioterrorism weapon for its high toxity and difficult detection. In the early stage of poisoning, Arbin can damage cells and induce apoptosis. Raman spectroscopy is a molecular fingerprint that can i...

BackgroundAbrin toxin (AT) is a potent plant toxin that belongs to the type Ⅱ ribosome inactivating protein family and is recognized as an important toxin agent for potential bioweapons. Exposure to AT by way of aerosol is the most lethal route, but the mechanism of injury requires further inve...

Abrin toxin is one of the most potent and deadly plant toxin obtained from the seeds of Abrus precatorious. It is more toxic than ricin which is classified as Schedule 1 agent by OPCW and Category B bioterrorism agent by Centre for Disease Control (CDC). Dose dependent acute toxicity of abrin is...

A bicyclic polypeptide antibiotic thiostrepton forms both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with anions (as tetrabutylammonium salts) in organic solvents with K2 > K1 for F− and K2 ≪ K1 for all other anions studied. Relative stabilities of 1:1 complexes in DMSO are AcO− ∼ F− ≫ Cl−, Br−, HSO4−, H2PO4−, but ...

The thiostrepton antibiotic inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to a cleft formed by the ribosomal protein L11 and 23S’s rRNA helices 43–44 on the 70S ribosome. It was proposed from crystal structures that the ligand restricts L11’s N-terminal movement and thus prevents proper tra...

Binding of the thiazolyl peptide antibiotic thiostrepton to the GTPase domain of 23S rRNA involves a few crucial nucleotides, notably A1067 (E. coli). Small RNA transcripts were prepared corresponding to the GTPase domain of the plastid 23S rRNA and the two forms of cytosolic 28S rRNAs found in ...

Resistance to the antibiotic thiostrepton, in producing Streptomycetes, is conferred by the S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent SPOUT methyltransferase Tsr. For this and related enzymes, the roles of active site amino acids have been inadequately described. Herein, we have probed SAM interac...