Ciguatera is a common illness in tropical and subtropical regions that manifests in complex and long-lived symptoms which are more severe in subsequent exposures. This study measures central and peripheral neurologic signs, in parallel with blood toxin levels, in mice exposed once or twice (at 3...

Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are fish metabolism products and a result of biotransformation of precursor gambiertoxins produced, in the first instance, by benthic dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Ciguatoxins are potent neurotoxins that selectively open voltage gated sodium channels in excitable ...

Molecular genetic research on bacteriophage lambda carried out during its golden age from the mid-1950s to mid-1980s was critically important in the attainment of our current understanding of the sophisticated and complex mechanisms by which the expression of genes is controlled, of DNA virus as...

The parathyroid hormone (PTH)1 receptor is a member of the class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and regulates bone and mineral metabolism of vertebrates. A truncated highly active parathyroid hormone fragment PTH (1–34) exerts stimulatory effects on the receptor and is used for trea...

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) both bind and activate one receptor, the G protein-coupled PTH/PTHrP receptor, yet they fulfill very different biological functions. PTH is primarily produced in the parathyroid chief cells and is the major regulator of serum calcium. Whe...

Human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) is currently the only treatment for osteoporosis that forms new bone. Previously we described a fish equivalent, Fugu parathyroid hormone 1 (fPth1) which has hPTH-like biological activity in vitro despite fPth1(1–34) sharing only 53% identity with hPTH(1–34). H...

Synthetic human parathyroid (1–34) (hPTH (1–34)) is known to have the full biological activity of the holohormone for osteoporosis. This study is about designing a novel analog of hPTH (1–34) which is more suitable for intranasal administration. We likewise evaluate effectiveness of the nasal...

The parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein (PTHrP) receptor (PPR) is a class 2 G-protein-coupled receptor that serves to control, via PTH, blood levels of ionized calcium and phosphate, and, via PTHrP, the development of several tissues, including the skeleton. The PPR is expressed in bon...

TIP39 (“tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues”) acts via the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor, PTH2, a Family B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Despite the importance of GPCRs in human physiology and pharmacotherapy, little is known about the molecular details of the TIP39-PTH2 interactio...

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor type 1 (PTHR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that transmits PTH and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) signals into cells. While acting via the same receptor, PTH and PTHrP trigger distinct physiological processes: endocrine regulation of bone turnover and...

The more effective bioactive peptides which can be efficiently prepared with low cost and high yield are in great demand for the development of therapeutic peptides. In this study, Pro-Pro-[Arg11]hPTH(1-34)-Pro-Pro-Asp (hPTH′), an analog of human parathyroid hormone (1-34) [hPTH(1-34)], was pre...

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts via the receptor PTH1 and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. PTH's interaction with the N-terminal domain of PTH1 is mediated in part by Arg-20 on the peptide which forms a number of interactions with the receptor: a charge–charge interaction wit...

Phytochromes play a key role in the regulation of plant growth and development. Phytochrome-related proteins also occur in some bacteria, fungi, and algae. We highlight recent findings on the evolution of phytochromes and discuss novel hypotheses on the function of phytochromes in diatoms, a gro...

SummaryPhototropism is an asymmetric growth response enabling plants to optimally position their organs. In flowering plants, the phototropin (phot) blue light receptors are essential to detect light gradients. In etiolated seedlings, the phototropic response is enhanced by the red/far-red (R/FR...

The geomagnetic field (GMF) is an environmental element whose instability affects plant growth and development. Despite known plant responses to GMF direction and intensity, the mechanism of magnetoreception in plants is still not known. Magnetic field variations affect many light-dependent plan...

Arabidopsis phytochromes (phyA-phyE) are photoreceptors dedicated to sensing red/far-red light. Phytochromes promote photomorphogenic developments upon light irradiation via a signaling pathway that involves rapid degradation of PIFs (PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS) and suppression of COP1 (CON...

This review describes the phytochrome system in higher plants and cyanobacteria and its role in regulation of photosynthetic processes and stress protection of the photosynthetic apparatus. A relationship between the content of the different phytochromes, the changes in the ratios of the physiol...

Light is the most important exogenous stimulus regulating plant growth and various developmental processes. Phytochromes, especially PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB) mediates the various light-mediated processes in Arabidopsis. SPATULA (SPT) is an important transcription factor, which has been reported prev...

Phytochrome B (phyB), the primary red light photoreceptor, promotes photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis by interacting with the basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional factor PIF3 and inducing its phosphorylation and degradation. Heterotrimeric G proteins are known to regulate various developmental...

ABSTRACTArabidopsis phytochrome B (phyB) is the major photoreceptor that senses the ratio of red to far-red light (R:FR) to regulate the shade-avoidance response (SAR). It has been hypothesized that altered homeostasis of phytohormones such as auxin and strigolactone is at least partially respon...