Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With ascorbic acid In H2O byproducts: dehydroascorbic acid, H2O; selenium nanoparticles obtained by redn. of selenous acid with ascorbic acid; gravimetric anal.; | 96% |
In water Electrolysis; <30°C; steel cathode covered by amorphous Se; | |
pptn. of Se by reducing agents;; |
A
selenium
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide (Ar), treated dropwise with stirring, stirred for 16 h; filtered, concentrated, column chromatography on silica gel (pentane/CH2Cl2 (1:2)), recrystallized from hexane/chloroform at -25°C, elem. anal.; | A n/a B 92% |
titanocene pentaselenide
dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate
A
selenium
B
[(C5H5)2TiSe2C2(CO2CH3)2]
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In xylene under N2, xylene soln. of Ti complex and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate refluxed for 0.5 h; cooled, filtered, Se washed with CH2Cl2, filtrate evapd. to oil, dissolved in small amt. of CH2Cl2, chromd., diluted with CH2Cl2, concd. in vac., cooled at -20°C, filtered; | A n/a B 90% |
In 1,2-dichloro-ethane Kinetics; under N2, soln. of Ti complex in 1,2-dichloroethane refluxed for 0.5 h,dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate added to refluxing soln.; progress react. monitored by removing aliquots and recording visible spectrum, cooled soln. filtered, filtrate evapd. to dryness in high vac., residue dissolved in CH2Cl2, diluted with hexane, concd.; | A n/a B 77% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sulfuric acid; potassium iodide In sulfuric acid byproducts: I2; sepn. of the formed I2 by distn.;; | 87.8% |
With sulfuric acid; potassium iodide In sulfuric acid byproducts: I2, H2O; storage at room temperature for 4 weeks;; | 38.4% |
With sodium hypophosphite In water heating for a longer period of time;; | >99 |
bis(4-methoxyphenyl)selenide
A
selenium
B
bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diselenide
C
methoxybenzene
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogen iodide In chloroform; water at 60℃; for 6h; | A 22% B 34 %Chromat. C 41.3 %Chromat. |
bis(4-methoxyphenyl)selenide
A
selenium
B
4-(4-hydroxyphenylselanyl)phenol
C
1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)diselane
D
phenol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With pyridine hydrochloride at 200℃; for 0.833333h; | A 16% B n/a C n/a D n/a |
1,2,3,4,5-pentafluoro-6-iodobenzene
A
selenium
B
bis(pentafluorophenylseleno)mercury
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In further solvent(s) byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; Irradiation (UV/VIS); glyme; | A n/a B 15% |
In ammonia byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; Irradiation (UV/VIS); N2 atm.; -35°C, 2-72, evapn., extraction (CCl3F), evapn., sublimation, addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 2.4% |
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; Irradiation (UV/VIS); | A n/a B 2% |
In ammonia byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; N2 atm.; -35°C, 20 min, evapn., extraction (CCl3F), evapn., sublimation, addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 2.7% |
bromopentafluorobenzene
A
selenium
B
bis(pentafluorophenylseleno)mercury
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In ammonia byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; N2 atm.; -35°C, 20 min, evapn., extraction (CCl3F), evapn., sublimation, addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 12.2% |
bromopentafluorobenzene
A
selenium
B
bis(pentafluorophenylseleno)mercury
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; Irradiation (UV/VIS); N2 atm.; -40 to 60°C, 3-4 h, evapn., stirring (12 h, 20°C), filtn., evapn., sublimation (vac.), addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d, 20°C); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 9.1% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In not given boiling for 50 h; | 1% |
1,2,3,4,5-pentafluoro-6-iodobenzene
A
selenium
B
bis(pentafluorophenylseleno)mercury
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; Irradiation (UV/VIS); N2 atm.; -40 to 60°C, 3-18 h, stirring (12 h, 20°C), filtn., evapn., sublimation, addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 0.5% |
In tetrahydrofuran byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; N2 atm.; 20°C, 20 min, stirring (12 h, 20°C), filtn., evapn., sublimation, addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d, 20°C); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 0.6% |
potassium carbonate
diselenium dichloride
A
selenium
C
selenium oxychloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In melt byproducts: CO2; | |
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: CO2; Se2Cl2 and anhyd. K2CO3;; | |
In melt byproducts: CO2; | |
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: CO2; Se2Cl2 and anhyd. K2CO3;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In sulfuric acid byproducts: H2O; Electrochem. Process; | |
In not given byproducts: H2O; Electrochem. Process; in diffusion layer of Hg cathode; | |
In sulfuric acid byproducts: H2O; aq. H2SO4; Electrochem. Process; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide In water byproducts: H2; Electrolysis; 30-75°C; pH=8; Pb cathode; effect of temp. and conc.; discussion of polarization curve against normal H-electrode; | |
With NaOH In water byproducts: H2; Electrolysis; 30-75°C; pH=8; Pb cathode; effect of temp. and conc.; discussion of polarization curve against normal H-electrode; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; water In water Electrolysis; 30-75°C; Pt cathode; >8 g NaOH/l; | A 0% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; water In water Electrolysis; 40-80°C; 6 h; steel cathode; 750-1250 A/m**2; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; water In water Kinetics; Electrolysis; 40-80°C; steel cathode and anode; 250-1250 A/m**2; | |
With sodium hydroxide; water In water Electrolysis; 30-75°C; Pt cathode; 1.8-8 g NaOH/l; | |
With NaOH; H2O In water Kinetics; Electrolysis; 40-80°C; steel cathode and anode; 250-1250 A/m**2; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
600°C; 3-5 h; | 100% |
580°C in evacuated quartz ampul; | |
In neat (no solvent) 3-zone furnace, heating (24 h, 800°C, vac., growth zone 1000°C), chemical vapor transport method using Br2 or ICl3, vac., gradient1050-1000°C; piezoreflectance measurement, XRD; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
ratio of Se:B=2; 5 h at 850°C; | 100% |
ratio of Se:B=10; 10 h at 850°C; | 100% |
ratio of Se:B=2.5; 1 h at 850°C; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) under dry N2 atm. in vac. glovebox; mixt. of Bi and Se was transferred in quartz tube, with was flame sealed under vac.; tube was heated to 600°C for 48 h; stayed at 600°C for 2 ds; cooled to 50°C in 10 h; ground into powder; | 100% |
high pressure at 420°C; | |
on Al plate at 47-180°C; tempering under m.p. of Se; no reaction at 130°C without tempering; |
selenium
copper
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
stoich. ratio of Se and Cu in bomb; | 100% |
In neat (no solvent) prepn. of film by vac. evaporation onto glass substrate (160 - 250°C); | |
In neat (no solvent) heating (sealed silica tube, to 800°C), annealing (400°C, 1 week), grinding, pelletizing, heat treatment (400°C, 30 days), slow cooling to room temp.; |
selenium
copper
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
stoich. ratio of Se and Cu in bomb; | 100% |
In neat (no solvent) synthesized from elements; | |
In neat (no solvent) mixt. heating (evac. sealed bulb), according to: A. A. Babitsyna et al.,Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 20 (1975) 3097, 3357; Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 20 (1975 ) No. 11 and 12; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In further solvent(s) byproducts: H2; Ar atm.; monoglyme, room temp., heating (50°C); evapn. (vac.), crystn.; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) Bi, Se and Te ground, pressed at 650 K, homogenizing calcination (570 K, 400h) in evacuated quartz ampoules; single phase (X-ray- and electron-microprobe analyses); | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) Bi, Se and Te ground, pressed at 650 K, homogenizing calcination (730 K, 400h) in evacuated quartz ampoules; single phase (X-ray- and electron-microprobe analyses); | 100% |
selenium
arsenic pentafluoride
fluorosulfonylchloride
sulfur dioxide
iodine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
byproducts: AsF3; SO2 and AsF5 were condensed into Se and I2; after 16 h no insoluble material was observed; condensed SO2ClF into the soln.; react. time 3 h; slowly (ca.20 h) condension; cooling; crystn.; washing; removed volatile materials by evacuation; subjected to vac. for <0.2 h; elem. anal.; | 100% |
byproducts: AsF3; SO2 and AsF5 were condensed onto Se and I2; after 16 h no insoluble material was observed; condensation of SO2ClF onto the soln.; react. time 7 h; slowly (ca.20 h) condensation of solvent; cooling; crystn.; washing; removal of volatile material by evacuation; elem. anal.; | 104 % |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
AsF5 was condensed onto a mixture of Se and I2 in liq. SO2; react. time 4 h; slowly (ca.20 h) condensation of solvent; crystn.; after 16 h removal of volatile material by evacuation; elem. anal.; X-ray diffraction; | 100% |
AsF5 was condensed onto a mixture of Se and I2 in liq. SO2; react. time 6 h; slowly (ca.20 h) condensation; crystn.; after 16 h removal of volatile materials by evacuation; elem. anal.; X-ray diffraction; | 106 % |
selenium
bis(pentafluorophenyl)telluride
bis(perfluorophenyl) selenide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 320°C, heating in vacuum; | 100% |
at 320°C, heating in vacuum; | 100% |
selenium
copper
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) K2Se, Cu, Th, and Se reacted at 850°C; | 100% |
selenium
n-butyllithium
1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12)
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In diethyl ether; hexane byproducts: C4H10; addn. of hexane soln. to Et2O soln. of carborane, addn. of selenium; not isolated; | 100% |
In diethyl ether in Et2O soln. according to X. Y. Yu et al., Organometallics, vol. 21 (2002), p. 5540; | |
In hexane | |
Stage #1: n-butyllithium; 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) In diethyl ether for 0.5h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; Stage #2: selenium In diethyl ether at 0℃; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; |
selenium
dibromo(2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl)(2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenyl)stannane
5-(2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenyl)-5-[2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl]-1,2,3,4,5-tetraselenastannolane
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With lithium naphthalenide In tetrahydrofuran (Ar); lithium naphthalenide in THF added a THF soln. of Sn compd. at -65°C, stirred for 1.5 h at this temp., treated with Se at -70°C, stirred overnight while warming to room temp.; solvent-removed, subjected to column chromy. (Florisil/CH2Cl2), HPLC, recrystd. (CH2Cl2/MeCN); elem. anal.; | 100% |
(diphenylphosphin)ferrocene
selenium
ferrocenyl(diphenyl)phosphine selenide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In toluene Se (1.2 equiv.) added to soln. of Fe complex in toluene, mixt. stirred at 100°C for 1 h, cooled to room temp.; soln. filtered through Celite, filtrate dried under vac.; elem. anal.; | 100% |
In chloroform under Ar atm.; according to Allen, D. W., Taylor, B. F., J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1982, 51; Fe-complex was boiled with Se for 5 h; excess of Se filtered off; solvent removed (vac.); elem. anal.; | 98% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With ascorbic acid In H2O byproducts: dehydroascorbic acid, H2O; selenium nanoparticles obtained by redn. of selenous acid with ascorbic acid; gravimetric anal.; | 96% |
In water Electrolysis; <30°C; steel cathode covered by amorphous Se; | |
pptn. of Se by reducing agents;; |
A
selenium
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide (Ar), treated dropwise with stirring, stirred for 16 h; filtered, concentrated, column chromatography on silica gel (pentane/CH2Cl2 (1:2)), recrystallized from hexane/chloroform at -25°C, elem. anal.; | A n/a B 92% |
titanocene pentaselenide
dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate
A
selenium
B
[(C5H5)2TiSe2C2(CO2CH3)2]
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In xylene under N2, xylene soln. of Ti complex and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate refluxed for 0.5 h; cooled, filtered, Se washed with CH2Cl2, filtrate evapd. to oil, dissolved in small amt. of CH2Cl2, chromd., diluted with CH2Cl2, concd. in vac., cooled at -20°C, filtered; | A n/a B 90% |
In 1,2-dichloro-ethane Kinetics; under N2, soln. of Ti complex in 1,2-dichloroethane refluxed for 0.5 h,dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate added to refluxing soln.; progress react. monitored by removing aliquots and recording visible spectrum, cooled soln. filtered, filtrate evapd. to dryness in high vac., residue dissolved in CH2Cl2, diluted with hexane, concd.; | A n/a B 77% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sulfuric acid; potassium iodide In sulfuric acid byproducts: I2; sepn. of the formed I2 by distn.;; | 87.8% |
With sulfuric acid; potassium iodide In sulfuric acid byproducts: I2, H2O; storage at room temperature for 4 weeks;; | 38.4% |
With sodium hypophosphite In water heating for a longer period of time;; | >99 |
1-dibutylboryl-2-diphenylphosphino-1-butyl-2-phenylethene selenide
A
selenium
B
1-dibutylboryl-2-diphenylphosphino-1-butyl-2-phenylethene oxide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In acetonitrile Electrolysis; under inert gas, Hg pool working electrode, Ag/AgNO3 reference electrode, Pt platelet as auxiliary electrode, base electrolyte Et4NClO4, electrolysis time 4 h, electrolysis current from 600-800mA at the start to 5 mA at the end; evapn. of soln. till ppt. of electrolyte appears, filtn., treating of filtrate with hexane, filtn., (31)P and (1)H NMR and IR detn. of compds.; | A 74% B 82% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With NH3; Na2SO3; N2H4*H2O In water Kinetics; byproducts: Zn(O,OH), Zn; 50°C; 15 min; pH 11.5; deposited on CuInS2; not isolated; detected by XPS; | A 5% B 79% |
With NH3; Na2SO3; N2H4*H2O In water Kinetics; byproducts: Zn(O,OH), Zn; 50°C; 15 min; pH 11.5; deposited on SnO2; not isolated; detected by XPS; | A 16% B 39% |
titanocene pentaselenide
hexafluoro-2-butyne
A
selenium
B
[(C5H5)2TiSe2C2(CF3)2]
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In xylene under N2, hexafluoro-2-butyne condensed into react. tube with Ti complex and xylene, sealed, annealed, tube heated at 150-160°C for 2 h; soln. filtered, filtrate evapd. to dryness, extd. with CH2Cl2, filteredto remove unreacted Ti complex, CH2Cl2 soln. diluted with hexane, concd., cooled to -20°C, filtered; | A n/a B 78% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With NH3; Na2SO3; N2H4*H2O In water Kinetics; byproducts: Zn(O,OH), Zn; 60°C; 20 min; pH 11.5; deposited on glass; not isolated; detected by XPS; | A 14% B 77% C 4% |
hydrogenchloride
A
selenium
B
diferrocenoyl selenide
C
diferrocenoyl diselenide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With air In tetrahydrofuran at 21 - 25℃; for 24h; | A n/a B 62% C n/a |
selenous acid dimethyl ester
ammonia
A
selenium
B
selenium(IV) oxide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In ammonia reaction of OSe(OCH3)2 with an excess of liq. NH3 in a bomb for 12 h;; evaporation of the excess of NH3; addn. of abs. ether; filtration; washing with H2O and 10% KCN soln.;; | A 5.3% B 45.8% C 48.8% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In ammonia reaction of OSe(OC2H5)2 with an excess of liq. NH3 in a bomb for 12 h;; evaporation of the excess of NH3; addn. of abs. ether; filtration; washing with H2O and 10% KCN soln.;; | A 5.3% B 45.8% C 48.8% |
In benzene byproducts: N2; dropwise addition of OSe(OCH2CH3)2 to dry benzene; introduction of NH3 into this solution;; sucking off; treatment with water and 10% KCN soln.; carefully dried at 105°C;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent, solid phase) heating of WSe2 single crystal flakes enclosed in envelopes made by thin Ta plates by passing current; | A 30% B n/a |
In neat (no solvent, solid phase) heating single crystal flakes of WSe2 by current in high vac.; |
Bis{bis(trifluormethyl)phosphanyl}-selan
iodine
A
selenium
B
iodo-bis-trifluoromethyl-phosphine
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Irradiation (UV/VIS); UV irradiation (6 h) in Pyrex bomb tube; | A n/a B 22% |
bis(4-methoxyphenyl)selenide
A
selenium
B
bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diselenide
C
methoxybenzene
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogen iodide In chloroform; water at 60℃; for 6h; | A 22% B 34 %Chromat. C 41.3 %Chromat. |
bis(4-methoxyphenyl)selenide
A
selenium
B
4-(4-hydroxyphenylselanyl)phenol
C
1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)diselane
D
phenol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With pyridine hydrochloride at 200℃; for 0.833333h; | A 16% B n/a C n/a D n/a |
1,2,3,4,5-pentafluoro-6-iodobenzene
A
selenium
B
bis(pentafluorophenylseleno)mercury
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In further solvent(s) byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; Irradiation (UV/VIS); glyme; | A n/a B 15% |
In ammonia byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; Irradiation (UV/VIS); N2 atm.; -35°C, 2-72, evapn., extraction (CCl3F), evapn., sublimation, addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 2.4% |
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; Irradiation (UV/VIS); | A n/a B 2% |
In ammonia byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; N2 atm.; -35°C, 20 min, evapn., extraction (CCl3F), evapn., sublimation, addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 2.7% |
bromopentafluorobenzene
A
selenium
B
bis(pentafluorophenylseleno)mercury
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In ammonia byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; N2 atm.; -35°C, 20 min, evapn., extraction (CCl3F), evapn., sublimation, addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 12.2% |
bromopentafluorobenzene
A
selenium
B
bis(pentafluorophenylseleno)mercury
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; Irradiation (UV/VIS); N2 atm.; -40 to 60°C, 3-4 h, evapn., stirring (12 h, 20°C), filtn., evapn., sublimation (vac.), addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d, 20°C); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 9.1% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In not given boiling for 50 h; | 1% |
1,2,3,4,5-pentafluoro-6-iodobenzene
A
selenium
B
bis(pentafluorophenylseleno)mercury
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; Irradiation (UV/VIS); N2 atm.; -40 to 60°C, 3-18 h, stirring (12 h, 20°C), filtn., evapn., sublimation, addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 0.5% |
In tetrahydrofuran byproducts: (C6F5)2Se; N2 atm.; 20°C, 20 min, stirring (12 h, 20°C), filtn., evapn., sublimation, addn. of Hg, stirring (2 d, 20°C); filtn., washing (CCl3F), extraction (CHCl3), recrystn. (CHCl3); | A n/a B 0.6% |
potassium carbonate
diselenium dichloride
A
selenium
C
selenium oxychloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In melt byproducts: CO2; | |
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: CO2; Se2Cl2 and anhyd. K2CO3;; | |
In melt byproducts: CO2; | |
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: CO2; Se2Cl2 and anhyd. K2CO3;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In sulfuric acid byproducts: H2O; Electrochem. Process; | |
In not given byproducts: H2O; Electrochem. Process; in diffusion layer of Hg cathode; | |
In sulfuric acid byproducts: H2O; aq. H2SO4; Electrochem. Process; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide In water byproducts: H2; Electrolysis; 30-75°C; pH=8; Pb cathode; effect of temp. and conc.; discussion of polarization curve against normal H-electrode; | |
With NaOH In water byproducts: H2; Electrolysis; 30-75°C; pH=8; Pb cathode; effect of temp. and conc.; discussion of polarization curve against normal H-electrode; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; water In water Electrolysis; 30-75°C; Pt cathode; >8 g NaOH/l; | A 0% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; water In water Electrolysis; 40-80°C; 6 h; steel cathode; 750-1250 A/m**2; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; water In water Kinetics; Electrolysis; 40-80°C; steel cathode and anode; 250-1250 A/m**2; | |
With sodium hydroxide; water In water Electrolysis; 30-75°C; Pt cathode; 1.8-8 g NaOH/l; | |
With NaOH; H2O In water Kinetics; Electrolysis; 40-80°C; steel cathode and anode; 250-1250 A/m**2; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
600°C; 3-5 h; | 100% |
580°C in evacuated quartz ampul; | |
In neat (no solvent) 3-zone furnace, heating (24 h, 800°C, vac., growth zone 1000°C), chemical vapor transport method using Br2 or ICl3, vac., gradient1050-1000°C; piezoreflectance measurement, XRD; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
ratio of Se:B=2; 5 h at 850°C; | 100% |
ratio of Se:B=10; 10 h at 850°C; | 100% |
ratio of Se:B=2.5; 1 h at 850°C; | 100% |
IARC Cancer Review: Group 3 IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man . 7 ,1987,p. 56.(World Health Organization, Internation Agency for Research on Cancer,Lyon, France.: ) (Single copies can be ordered from WHO Publications Centre U.S.A., 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210) . Selenium and its compounds are on the Community Right-To-Know List. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.
Poison by inhalation and intravenous routes. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic and teratogenic data. Occupational exposure has caused pallor, nervousness, depression, garlic odor of breath and sweat, gastrointestinal disturbances, and dermatitis. Liver damage in experimental animals. Chronic ingestion of 5 mg of selenium per day resulted in 49% morbidity in 5 Chinese villages. The main symptoms were brittle hair with intact follicles, new hair with no pigment, brittle nails with spots and streaks, skin lesions, peripheral anesthesia, acroparesthesia, pain, and hyperreflexia. Similar effects have been seen in populations with selenium blood levels of 800 µg/L. In cattle, “alkali disease” is associated with consumption of grain or plants containing 5–25 mg/kg of selenium. The symptoms are lack of vitality, loss of appetite, emaciation, deformation and shedding of hoofs, loss of hair, and erosion of joints. Consumption of plants grown in seleniferous areas can cause effects in humans and animals. Selenosis in humans has occurred from ingestion of 3.2 mg selenium per day. Selenium is an essential trace element for many species. Reacts to form explosive products with metal amides. Can react violently with barium carbide, bromine pentafluoride, calcium carbide, chlorates, chlorine trifluoride, chromic oxide (CrO3), fluorine, lithium carbide, lithium silicon (Li6Si2), metals, nickel, nitric acid, sodium, nitrogen trichloride, oxygen, potassium, potassium bromate, rubidium carbide, zinc, silver bromate, strontium carbide, thorium carbide, uranium. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Se. See also SELENIUM COMPOUNDS.
Hazard Codes: T
Risk Statements: 36/38-53-33-23/25
R23/25:Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed.
R33:Danger of cumulative effects.
R36/38:Irritating to eyes and skin.
R53:May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
Safety Statements: 26-61-45-28-20/21
S20:When using, do not eat or drink.
S21:When using do not smoke.
S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S28:After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap-suds.
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.)
S61:Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets.
OSHA PEL: TWA 0.2 mg(Se)/m3
ACGIH TLV: TWA 0.2 mg(Se)/m3
DFG MAK: 0.1 mg(Se)/m3
DOT Classification: 6.1; Label: KEEP AWAY FROM FOOD
For occupational chemical analysis use OSHA: #ID-125G or NIOSH: Elements (ICP), 7300.
The Selenium , with the cas number 7782-49-2, a chemical element with the atomic number 34, and, also exists in many non-conductive forms: a black glass-like allotrope, as well as several red crystalline forms built of eight-membered ring molecules. It is found in economic quantities in sulfide ores and occurs in several different forms, the most stable of which is a dense purplish-gray semi-metal form that is structurally a trigonal polymer chain. Its natural sources include certain selenium-rich soils, and selenium that has been bioconcentrated by certain plants. Native selenium is a rare mineral, which does not usually form good crystals, but when it does they are steep rhombohedrons or tiny acicular (hair-like) crystals. Selenium has five naturally occurring isotopes are stable: 74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, and 80Se. It is toxic in large doses, but Selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals. Dietary selenium comes from nuts, cereals, meat, fish, and eggs.
It belongs to the following product categories:(1)Inorganics; (2)Pure ElementsChemical Synthesis; (3)SeleniumMetal and Ceramic Science; (4)Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry; (5)Electronic Chemicals; (6)Micro/Nanoelectronics; (7)Metal and Ceramic Science; (8)Metals; (9)Selenium and so on. It seems to be dark grey to dark red powder or crystals. It is quite stable but combustible, incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents and most common metals.
Uses of Selenium: Although it is toxic in large doses, selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals. Besides, Selenium also plays a role in the functioning of the thyroid gland and in every cell that utilizes thyroid hormone, by participating as a cofactor for the three known thyroid hormone deiodinases, which activate and then deactivate various thyroid hormones and their metabolites. One study, which was known as the NPC, was conducted to test the effect of selenium supplementation on the recurrence of skin cancers on selenium-deficient men. And, several studies have suggested a possible link between cancer and selenium deficiency. Also, some research has indicated a geographical link between regions of selenium-deficient soils and peak incidences of HIV/AIDS infection. It has been showed that selenium intake is positively correlated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following: It is quite irritating to eyes and skin. In addition, it is toxic by inhalation and if swallowed and bring danger of cumulative effects. When using, do not eat or drink or smoke. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap-suds. Most important of all, it may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Hence, you would better avoid release to the environment refering to special instructions / safety data sheets.
You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure :
(1).SMILES: [Se-2]
(2).InChI:InChI=1/Se/q-2
Toxic information of Selenium can be showed as follows:
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
rabbit | LDLo | intravenous | 2500ug/kg (2.5mg/kg) | Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire. Vol. 35, Pg. 693, 1928. | |
rat | LCLo | inhalation | 33mg/m3/8H (33mg/m3) | BLOOD: HEMORRHAGE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: ACUTE PULMONARY EDEMA LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CHANGES IN LUNG WEIGHT | AMA Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine. Vol. 4, Pg. 458, 1951. |
rat | LD50 | intravenous | 6mg/kg (6mg/kg) | AMA Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine. Vol. 4, Pg. 458, 1951. | |
rat | LD50 | oral | 6700mg/kg (6700mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 20, Pg. 89, 1971. |
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