sodium tetraphenyl borate
copper(II) acetylacetonate
zinc(II) acetylacetonate
A
copper
B
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1,2-dimethoxyethane Irradiation (UV/VIS); under Ar; mole ratios NaBPh4 : Zn(acac)2 : Cu(acac)2 = 20 : 7 : 3; irradn. (254 nm) for 18 h gave deposition only of Cu; | A 100% B 0% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1,2-dimethoxyethane Irradiation (UV/VIS); under Ar; mole ratio NaBPh4 : ZnI2 = 2 : 1; irradn. (254 nm) for 2 h gave deposition of Zn; deposit sepd., washed with acetone and water, and dried in vac. to give pure Zn; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1,2-dimethoxyethane Irradiation (UV/VIS); under Ar; mole ratio NaBPh4 : ZnBr2 = 2 : 1; irradn. (254 nm) for 4 h gave deposition of Zn; deposit sepd., washed with acetone and water, and dried in vac. to give pure Zn; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 225℃; for 4h; Inert atmosphere; | A 93 %Spectr. B 99% |
at 225℃; for 4h; | A 77 %Spectr. B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 250℃; for 4h; Inert atmosphere; | A 94 %Spectr. B 99% |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) redn. on react. with excess C (beech-wood coal, 400% excess) in hard porcelain tube in a stream of N2 at 995°C after 240min;; | 98.4% |
With C In neat (no solvent) redn. on react. with excess C (beech-wood coal, 400% excess) in hard porcelain tube in a stream of N2 at 995°C after 240min;; | 98.4% |
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) redn. on react. with excess C (beech-wood coal, 400% excess) in hard porcelain tube in a stream of N2 at 920°C after 180min;; | 97.7% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran Ar atmosphere; mixing of solns. (-78°C), warming to 20°C (stirring), pptn.; collection of pptd. Zn (filtn.), solvent removal, distn.; | A 79.8% B 97% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 210℃; for 4h; Inert atmosphere; | A 91 %Spectr. B 96% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
sodium chloride In neat (no solvent) atm. pressure (inert gas), 800°C;; pure Zn;; | A n/a B 95% |
sodium chloride In neat (no solvent) begin of reaction in vac. or H2 atmosphere at 700-800°C, fast reaction between 800-900°C;; pure Zn;; |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) redn. in electric furnace without fusion of residues;; whole yield;; | 92.6% |
With C In neat (no solvent) redn. in electric furnace without fusion of residues;; whole yield;; | 92.6% |
With sodium hydroxide; sodium cyanide In not given Electrolysis; electrolytical deposition of zinc from soln. of alkali cyanide; bath composition (in g/l): 45 ZnO, 100 NaCN, 38 NaOH, 7 MoO3; deposition conditions: 161 - 753 A/m*m;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran byproducts: H2; the mixt. was refluxed at 65°C for 6 h, cooled to 0°C; filtered; | A n/a B n/a C 90% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In melt Electrolysis; | 84% |
Stage #1: zinc(II) chloride With thionyl chloride Heating; Stage #2: With naphthalene; lithium; Benzo[b]thiophene In tetrahydrofuran for 1h; | 46% |
With magnesium In diethyl ether byproducts: etherate of ZnCl2; on react. of Mg with anhyd. ZnCl2 at low temp., redn.;; | 34.8% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1,2-dimethoxyethane Irradiation (UV/VIS); under Ar; mole ratio NaBPh4 : Zn(acac)2 = 2 : 1; irradn. (254 nm) for 4 h gave deposition of Zn; deposit sepd., washed with acetone and water, and dried in vac. to give pure Zn; | 80% |
sodium tetraphenyl borate
copper(ll) bromide
A
copper
B
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1,2-dimethoxyethane Irradiation (UV/VIS); under Ar; mole ratios NaBPh4 : ZnI2 : CuBr2 = 8 : 1 : 3; irradn. (254 nm) for 8 h gave deposition of Zn and Cu; examn. of the Zn-Cu powder by ESCA measurement showed that more than 60% of the sample consisted of a Zn-Cu alloy and that the balance of the particles were Zn and Cu metals; | A 74% B 24% |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With magnesium In diethyl ether redn. in abs. ether soln. by Mg at room temp.;; | 43% |
With Mg In diethyl ether redn. in abs. ether soln. by Mg at room temp.;; | 43% |
With lithium In tetrahydrofuran Sonication; reduction with Li powder and ultrasound at room temp. in THF, reduction was complete within 40 min; workup was performed in air; |
dicyclohexylzinc(II)
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water In further solvent(s) (Ar); heating a soln. of zinc compd. in anisole contg. traces of water at 130°C in a Fischer-Porter bottle for 3 h; filtration, washing with anisole, drying in vac.; | 30% |
With water; polyvinylpyrrolidone In further solvent(s) (Ar); heating a soln. of zinc compd. in anisole contg. traces of water at 130°C in a Fischer-Porter bottle for 3 h; filtration, washing with anisole, drying in vac.; | 30% |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In not given Electrolysis; Zn deposition from solution of ZnSO4*7H2O and thiosulfate; bath composition (in g/l): 60 ZnSO4*7H2O, 200 Na2S2O3*5H2O, 25 - 50 NH4Cl or 120 ZnSO4*7H2O, 400 Na2S2O3*5H2O, 25 - 50 NH4Cl, 75°C, 1 - 2 A/dm*dm, Fe cathode, Zn anode;; | 3% |
In not given Electrolysis; Zn deposition from solution of ZnSO4*7H2O and thiosulfate; bath composition (in g/l): 60 ZnSO4*7H2O, 200 Na2S2O3*5H2O, 25 - 50 NH4Cl or 120 ZnSO4*7H2O, 400 Na2S2O3*5H2O, 25 - 50 NH4Cl, 75°C, 1 - 2 A/dm*dm, Fe cathode, Zn anode;; | 3% |
In not given Electrolysis; Zn deposition from acidic ZnSO4 soln.; bath composition (g/l): 400 ZnSO4*7H2O, 70 K-Al-sulfate, 24 MgSO4, 20 H3BO3, pH = 3.9, 25 °C;; |
A
zinc(II) cyanimide
B
copper
C
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) sample heating at 4 K/min in Ar to 900°C, temp. keeping for 3 h; XRD; | A n/a B n/a C 1% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With H2 In neat (no solvent) sample heating in TG apparatus in 25% H2/He (50 ml/min) at 5 K/min up to800°C; TG; |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) Kinetics; redn. of ZnO at 1050°C;; | |
With carbon monoxide; pyrographite redn.;; | |
With anthracite In neat (no solvent) byproducts: CO, CO2; redn.;; | >99 |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In further solvent(s) Electrolysis; electrolysis of soln. of Zn(CLO4)2*2H2O in monoethylether of ethylen glycole, no deposition of Zn at Cu cathode; generation of gas at anode and cathode;; | 0% |
In further solvent(s) Electrolysis; electrolysis of soln. of Zn(CLO4)2*2H2O in monoethylether of ethylen glycole, no deposition of Zn at Cu cathode; generation of gas at anode and cathode;; | 0% |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With K4P2O7; KNO3 In water Electrochem. Process; deposited on electrode; not isolated; |
pyrographite
A
carbon disulfide
B
carbon monoxide
C
iron
D
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
technical prepartion of Zn, effect of presence of iron;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
direct smelting of sulfide ores, smelting of zinc blende with iron ore and coal;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In further solvent(s) Electrolysis; electrolysis of soln. of 0.117g Zn(CN)2 / 10 g acetamide at 100°C and 0.05 A/cm*cm; Cu cathode, Pt anode, stirred soln.; at some positions of cathode deposition of Zn; on addn. of 1 ml H2O to soln., excellent deposit;; | |
With sodium hydroxide; sodium cyanide; sodium carbonate In water Electrolysis; from aq. soln. of Zn(CN)2, NaCN, NaOH, Na2CO3, NaF, dextrose, gum arabic; temp. lower than 35°C; current density lower 8.6 A/dm**2; Mg cathode; then heating to 257-427°C for 1-4 min;; pptn. on Mg;; | |
With sodium hydroxide; sodium cyanide In not given Electrolysis; zinc plating from cyanide soln. of different compositions (Zn(CN)2, NaOH, NaCN in alternating ratio), current density of 1.5 - 4 A/dm*dm; Zn casting anode with addn. of Al, Hg; steel cathode; structure of deposits;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In ammonia | |
In ammonia NH3 (liquid); |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) Zn films, obtained on corroded or polished Cu base by vapor metallizing, are showing no changing of positions of electron interferences on heating in vacuum; between 250 - 440°C, oxidation of Zn to ZnO completely;; | 100% |
In neat (no solvent) Zn films, obtained on corroded or polished Cu base by vapor metallizing, are showing no changing of positions of electron interferences on heating in vacuum; between 250 - 440°C, oxidation of Zn to ZnO completely;; | 100% |
With air; NH4NH3 In neat (no solvent, gas phase) Zn, NH4NH3 (0-18 wt.%) mixed; pressed; placed into reactor; combustion react. ignited in air by heating for several s up to 1850°C; powerturned off after ignition; O2 available in closed chamber approx. 3 tim es; SEM; TEM; XRD; | 90% |
3,3,5-trimethyl-6-ethoxycarbonyl-8-chlorothiochroman-4-one-1,1-dioxide
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hydrogenchloride; sodium hydroxide In ethanol; water | 100% |
o-cyanobromobenzene
zinc
A
biphenyl-2,2'-dicarbonitrile
B
benzonitrile
C
2-cyanophenylzinc bromide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With trifluoroacetic acid; cobalt(II) bromide; zinc dibromide In acetonitrile the mixt. in CH3CN was stirred at room temp., then arylbromide was added, stirred at room temp.; GC analysis; | A 0% B 0% C 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In acetonitrile; benzene Electrolysis; absence of oxygen and moisture; W-cathode, Zn suspended on Pt-anode, 30 V, 25 mA, 3.0 h, Et4NClO4 electrolyte; sepn. of pptd. product (further crop on addn. of petroleum ether), washing (petroleum ether), drying (vac.); elem. anal.; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
strong HCl; | 100% |
strong HCl; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium methylate In methanol Sonication; Zn added to a methanol soln. containing an equivalent quantity of phthalonitrile and 5 drops of 30% soln of CH3ONa in methanol; flask put into an ultrasonic cleaner and maintained at 50°C for 24-72 h; blue product separated from unreacted metal by shaking and decanting with the solvent, washed with ethanol in Soxhlet equipment and dried in air; purity of 95-97%; elem. anal.; | 100% |
With sodium methylate In further solvent(s) Sonication; Zn added to an 1-octanol soln. containing an equivalent quantity of phthalonitrile and 5 drops of 30% soln of CH3ONa in methanol; flask put intoan ultrasonic cleaner and maintained at 50°C for 24-72 h; blue product separated from unreacted metal by shaking and decanting with the solvent, washed with ethanol in Soxhlet equipment and dried in air; purity of 95-97%; elem. anal.; | 100% |
With sodium methylate In methanol Sonication; Zn added to a methanol soln. containing an equivalent quantity of phthalonitrile and 5 drops of 30% soln of CH3ONa in methanol; flask put into an ultrasonic cleaner and maintained at 40°C for 24-72 h; blue product separated from unreacted metal by shaking and decanting with the solvent, washed with ethanol in Soxhlet equipment and dried in air; purity of 95-97%; elem. anal.; | 85% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In acetonitrile byproducts: H2; Electrolysis; electrochemical cell with a platinum cathode and a Zn-anode attached to a platinum wire, in presence of Et4NClO4, N2 bubbled slowly through the soln., reaction time: 2.5 h, 10 V; filtered, washed with CH3CN, dried in vac.; elem. anal.; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In acetonitrile byproducts: H2; Electrolysis; electrochemical cell with a platinum cathode and a Zn-anode attached to a platinum wire, in presence of Et4NClO4, N2 bubbled slowly through the soln., reaction time: 3.5 h, 10 V; filtered, washed with CH3CN, dried in vac.; elem. anal.; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In acetonitrile byproducts: H2; Electrolysis; electrochemical cell with a platinum cathode and a Zn-anode attached to a platinum wire, in presence of Et4NClO4, N2 bubbled slowly through the soln., reaction time: 2.5 h, 10 V; filtered, washed with CH3CN, dried in vac.; elem. anal.; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In acetonitrile byproducts: H2; Electrolysis; electrochemical cell with a platinum cathode and a Zn-anode attached to a platinum wire, in presence of Et4NClO4, N2 bubbled slowly through the soln., reaction time: 3 h, 10 V; filtered, washed with CH3CN, dried in vac.; elem. anal.; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In toluene powdered Zn adding to Sn deriv. in toluene under N2, refluxing for 8 h, cooling to room temp., filtering, filtrate washing with H2O, drying over MgSO4 and concg.; identified by NMR spectrum; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran Br(CH2)5Br was added to Zn powder in THF in a sealed and evacuated glass apparatus, mixt. was stirred for 5 h at 65°C; detd. by titrn.; | 100% |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In water excess Zn dust was added to aq. soln. copper complex ad stitrred for 30 min; excess of Zn was filtered off, soln. was evapd., residue was crystd. from water/EtOH; elem. anal.; | 100% |
sodium tetraphenyl borate
copper(II) acetylacetonate
zinc(II) acetylacetonate
A
copper
B
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1,2-dimethoxyethane Irradiation (UV/VIS); under Ar; mole ratios NaBPh4 : Zn(acac)2 : Cu(acac)2 = 20 : 7 : 3; irradn. (254 nm) for 18 h gave deposition only of Cu; | A 100% B 0% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1,2-dimethoxyethane Irradiation (UV/VIS); under Ar; mole ratio NaBPh4 : ZnI2 = 2 : 1; irradn. (254 nm) for 2 h gave deposition of Zn; deposit sepd., washed with acetone and water, and dried in vac. to give pure Zn; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1,2-dimethoxyethane Irradiation (UV/VIS); under Ar; mole ratio NaBPh4 : ZnBr2 = 2 : 1; irradn. (254 nm) for 4 h gave deposition of Zn; deposit sepd., washed with acetone and water, and dried in vac. to give pure Zn; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 225℃; for 4h; Inert atmosphere; | A 93 %Spectr. B 99% |
at 225℃; for 4h; | A 77 %Spectr. B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 250℃; for 4h; Inert atmosphere; | A 94 %Spectr. B 99% |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) redn. on react. with excess C (beech-wood coal, 400% excess) in hard porcelain tube in a stream of N2 at 995°C after 240min;; | 98.4% |
With C In neat (no solvent) redn. on react. with excess C (beech-wood coal, 400% excess) in hard porcelain tube in a stream of N2 at 995°C after 240min;; | 98.4% |
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) redn. on react. with excess C (beech-wood coal, 400% excess) in hard porcelain tube in a stream of N2 at 920°C after 180min;; | 97.7% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran Ar atmosphere; mixing of solns. (-78°C), warming to 20°C (stirring), pptn.; collection of pptd. Zn (filtn.), solvent removal, distn.; | A 79.8% B 97% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 210℃; for 4h; Inert atmosphere; | A 91 %Spectr. B 96% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
sodium chloride In neat (no solvent) atm. pressure (inert gas), 800°C;; pure Zn;; | A n/a B 95% |
sodium chloride In neat (no solvent) begin of reaction in vac. or H2 atmosphere at 700-800°C, fast reaction between 800-900°C;; pure Zn;; |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) redn. in electric furnace without fusion of residues;; whole yield;; | 92.6% |
With C In neat (no solvent) redn. in electric furnace without fusion of residues;; whole yield;; | 92.6% |
With sodium hydroxide; sodium cyanide In not given Electrolysis; electrolytical deposition of zinc from soln. of alkali cyanide; bath composition (in g/l): 45 ZnO, 100 NaCN, 38 NaOH, 7 MoO3; deposition conditions: 161 - 753 A/m*m;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran byproducts: H2; the mixt. was refluxed at 65°C for 6 h, cooled to 0°C; filtered; | A n/a B n/a C 90% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In melt Electrolysis; | 84% |
Stage #1: zinc(II) chloride With thionyl chloride Heating; Stage #2: With naphthalene; lithium; Benzo[b]thiophene In tetrahydrofuran for 1h; | 46% |
With magnesium In diethyl ether byproducts: etherate of ZnCl2; on react. of Mg with anhyd. ZnCl2 at low temp., redn.;; | 34.8% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1,2-dimethoxyethane Irradiation (UV/VIS); under Ar; mole ratio NaBPh4 : Zn(acac)2 = 2 : 1; irradn. (254 nm) for 4 h gave deposition of Zn; deposit sepd., washed with acetone and water, and dried in vac. to give pure Zn; | 80% |
sodium tetraphenyl borate
copper(ll) bromide
A
copper
B
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1,2-dimethoxyethane Irradiation (UV/VIS); under Ar; mole ratios NaBPh4 : ZnI2 : CuBr2 = 8 : 1 : 3; irradn. (254 nm) for 8 h gave deposition of Zn and Cu; examn. of the Zn-Cu powder by ESCA measurement showed that more than 60% of the sample consisted of a Zn-Cu alloy and that the balance of the particles were Zn and Cu metals; | A 74% B 24% |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With magnesium In diethyl ether redn. in abs. ether soln. by Mg at room temp.;; | 43% |
With Mg In diethyl ether redn. in abs. ether soln. by Mg at room temp.;; | 43% |
With lithium In tetrahydrofuran Sonication; reduction with Li powder and ultrasound at room temp. in THF, reduction was complete within 40 min; workup was performed in air; |
dicyclohexylzinc(II)
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water In further solvent(s) (Ar); heating a soln. of zinc compd. in anisole contg. traces of water at 130°C in a Fischer-Porter bottle for 3 h; filtration, washing with anisole, drying in vac.; | 30% |
With water; polyvinylpyrrolidone In further solvent(s) (Ar); heating a soln. of zinc compd. in anisole contg. traces of water at 130°C in a Fischer-Porter bottle for 3 h; filtration, washing with anisole, drying in vac.; | 30% |
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In not given Electrolysis; Zn deposition from solution of ZnSO4*7H2O and thiosulfate; bath composition (in g/l): 60 ZnSO4*7H2O, 200 Na2S2O3*5H2O, 25 - 50 NH4Cl or 120 ZnSO4*7H2O, 400 Na2S2O3*5H2O, 25 - 50 NH4Cl, 75°C, 1 - 2 A/dm*dm, Fe cathode, Zn anode;; | 3% |
In not given Electrolysis; Zn deposition from solution of ZnSO4*7H2O and thiosulfate; bath composition (in g/l): 60 ZnSO4*7H2O, 200 Na2S2O3*5H2O, 25 - 50 NH4Cl or 120 ZnSO4*7H2O, 400 Na2S2O3*5H2O, 25 - 50 NH4Cl, 75°C, 1 - 2 A/dm*dm, Fe cathode, Zn anode;; | 3% |
In not given Electrolysis; Zn deposition from acidic ZnSO4 soln.; bath composition (g/l): 400 ZnSO4*7H2O, 70 K-Al-sulfate, 24 MgSO4, 20 H3BO3, pH = 3.9, 25 °C;; |
A
zinc(II) cyanimide
B
copper
C
zinc
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) sample heating at 4 K/min in Ar to 900°C, temp. keeping for 3 h; XRD; | A n/a B n/a C 1% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With H2 In neat (no solvent) sample heating in TG apparatus in 25% H2/He (50 ml/min) at 5 K/min up to800°C; TG; |
Molecular Structure of Zinc (CAS NO.7440-66-6):
IUPAC Name: zinc
Empirical Formula: Zn
Molecular Weight: 65.409
EINECS: 231-592-0
H bond acceptors: 0
H bond donors: 0
Freely Rotating Bonds: 0
Polar Surface Area: 0 Å2
Melting point: 692.68 K, 419.53 °C, 787.15 °F
Density: 7.14 g/mL at 25 °C
Boiling point: 1180 K, 907 °C, 1665 °F
Heat of fusion: 7.32 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 123.6 kJ/mol
Specific heat capacity (25 °C): 25.470 J·mol-1·K-1
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with amines, cadmium, sulfur, chlorinated solvents, strong acids, strong bases. Air and moisture sensitive. Zinc powder is very flammable.
Classification Code: Growth Substances; Human Data; Micronutrients; Mutation data; Skin / Eye Irritant; Trace Elements
1. Ancient use
Various isolated examples of the use of impure zinc in ancient times have been discovered.Ornaments made of alloys that contain 80–90% zinc with lead, iron, antimony, and other metals making up the remainder, have been found that are 2500 years old.
2. Early studies and naming
Zinc was distinctly recognized as a metal under the designation of Fasada in the medical Lexicon ascribed to the Hindu king Madanapala and written about the year 1374. Smelting and extraction of impure zinc by reducing calamine with wool and other organic substances was accomplished in the 13th century in India.The Chinese did not learn of the technique until the 17th century.
Some alchemists called zinc oxide lana philosophica, Latin for "philosopher's wool".a Swiss-born German alchemist referred to the metal as "zincum" or "zinken" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The metal was also called Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.
3. Isolation of the pure element
William Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium, which processed even more zinc.
Italian doctor Luigi Galvani discovered in 1780 that connecting the spinal cord of a freshly dissected frog to an iron rail attached by a brass hook caused the frog's leg to twitch.The galvanic cell and the process of galvanization were both named for Luigi Galvani and these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.
Galvani's friend, Alessandro Volta, continued researching this effect and invented the Voltaic pile in 1800.The basic unit of Volta's pile was a simplified galvanic cell.
The non-magnetic character of zinc and its lack of color in solution delayed discovery of its importance to biochemistry and nutrition. This changed in 1940 when carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that scrubs carbon dioxide from blood, was shown to have zinc in its active site. The digestive enzyme carboxypeptidase became the second known zinc-containing enzyme in 1955.
Zinc (CAS NO.7440-66-6) metal is most commonly used as an anti-corrosion agent. The zinc metal was used for galvanization, which is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies. Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion. With an electrochemical potential of ?0.7618 volts, zinc makes a good material for the negative terminus or anode in batteries.Powdered zinc is used in this way in alkaline batteries and sheets of zinc metal form the cases for and act as anodes in zinc-carbon batteries.
A widely used alloy of zinc is brass, which is useful in communication equipment, hardware, musical instruments, and water valves. Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminum solder, and commercial bronze.Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries.
Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to protect its polymers from ultraviolet radiation. Zinc chloride can be used as a wood preservative.It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)2) is used in a number of organic syntheses.Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints.Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulphate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints. Zinc powder is sometimes used as a propellant in model rockets.Zinc sheet metal is used to make zinc bars.
Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Zinc gluconate glycine and zinc acetate are used in throat lozenges or tablets to reduce the duration and the severity of cold symptoms. Zinc lactate is used in toothpaste to prevent halitosis.
Roasting converts the zinc sulfide concentrate produced during processing to zinc oxide: 2ZnS + 3 O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
Pyrometallurgy processing reduces zinc oxide with carbon or carbon monoxide at 950 °C (1,740 °F) into the metal, which is distilled as zinc vapor.
2 ZnO + C → 2 Zn + CO2
2 ZnO + 2CO → 2 Zn + 2 CO2
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
duck | LDLo | oral | 388mg/kg (388mg/kg) | AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: OTHER (DIRECT) PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIA BLOOD: CHANGES IN LEUCOCYTE (WBC) COUNT | Journal of Wildlife Diseases. Vol. 36, Pg. 111, 2000. |
human | TCLo | inhalation | 124mg/m3/50M (124mg/m3) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: COUGH LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA SKIN AND APPENDAGES (SKIN): SWEATING: OTHER | Archiv fuer Hygiene. Vol. 72, Pg. 358, 1910. |
Zinc (CAS NO.7440-66-6) and its compounds are on the Community Right-To-Know List. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory. EPA Genetic Toxicology Program.
Hazard Codes: N,F,Xi,Xn
Risk Statements: 52/53-50/53-17-15-36/37/38-51/53-36/37-22-19
R52/53:Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
R50/53:Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
R17:Spontaneously flammable in air.
R15:Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
R51/53:Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
R36/37:Irritating to eyes and respiratory system.
R22:Harmful if swallowed.
R19:May form explosive peroxides.
Safety Statements: 26-61-60-46-43-36
S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S61:Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets.
S60:This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste.
S46:If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label.
S43:In case of fire use ... (there follows the type of fire-fighting equipment to be used.)
S36:Wear suitable protective clothing.
RIDADR: UN 3264 8/PG 3
WGK Germany: 3
RTECS: ZH1400000
F: 3
HazardClass: 8
PackingGroup: III
Human systemic effects by ingestion: cough, dyspnea, and sweating. A human skin irritant. Pure zinc powder, dust, and fume are relatively nontoxic to humans by inhalation. The difficulty arises from oxidation of zinc fumes immediately prior to inhalation or presence of impurities such as Cd, Sb, As, Pb. Inhalation may cause sweet taste, throat dryness, cough, weakness, generalized aches, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting.
Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to heat or flame. May ignite spontaneously in air when dry. Explosive in the form of dust when reacted with acids. Incompatible with NH4NO3, BaO2, Ba(NO3)2, Cd, CS2, chlorates, Cl2, ClF3, CrO3, (ethyl acetoacetate + tribromoneopentyl alcohol), F2, hydrazine mononitrate, hydroxylamine, Pb(N3)2, (Mg + Ba(NO3)2 + BaO2), MnCl2, HNO3, performic acid, KClO3, KNO3, K2O2, Se, NaClO3, Na2O2, S, Te, H2O, (NH4)2S, As2O3, CS2, CaCl2, NaOH, chlorinated rubber, catalytic metals, halocarbons, o-nitroanisole, nitrobenzene, nonmetals, oxidants, paint primer base, pentacarbonyliron, transition metal halides, seleninyl bromide. To fight fire, use special mixtures of dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of ZnO.
DOT Classification: 4.3; Label: Dangerous When Wet, Spontaneously Combustible; DOT Class: 4.3; Label: Dangerous When Wet (UN 1435)
For occupational chemical analysis use NIOSH: Zinc, 7030; Welding and Brazing Fume, 7200; Elements, 7300.
Zinc , with CAS number of 7440-66-6, can be called Asarco L 15 ; Blue powder ; CCRIS 1582 ; Emanay zinc dust ; Granular zinc ; Lead refinery vacuum zinc ; Rheinzink ; Merrillite .
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