The mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase gene man26A from Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88 was optimized according to the codon usage bias in Pichia pastoris and synthesized by splicing overlap extension PCR. It was successfully expressed in P. pastoris using constitutive expression vector pGAPzαA. The r...

Current approaches to the study of reaction mechanisms in CBE and investigations of the potential of triisobutylgallium and tritertiarybutylgallium as novel CBE precursors are reviewed. Surface spectroscopic techniques indicate that adsorbed iso-butyl radicals decompose to produce gaseous butene...

The chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) growth of InGaAs lattice matched to InP has been compared using the three Ga precursors triethylgallium (TEG), triisobutylgallium (TIBG) and triisopropylgallium (TIPG) in conjunction with trimethylindium (TMI). All three Ga precursors exhibit similar behaviour, wi...

The surface decomposition of triisobutylgallium (TIBGa) on GaAs(0 0 1) has been studied employing supersonic molecular beam scattering. It was found that TIBGa molecules were adsorbed on GaAs(0 0 1) surfaces without dissociation at temperatures lower than 200°C through a precursor mediated adso...

Cultures grown with or without phenytoin (PHT) at a concentration of 5 μg/ml from the fifth to the eighth day after plating were labelled with [14C]-proline (0.2 μCi/ml) from the sixth to eighth day. Collagenase digestion indicated that collagen content increased approx. 2-fold after PHT expos...

During ontogeny, rat liver monoamine oxidase gradually increased in activity in both sexes until the pubertal period when female activity rose 1.5- to 2.0-fold higher than male activity. Oral administration of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (10 mg/kg body wt) to pregnant rats on days 7,9, 12, 14and 16 of...

The structure of 3,4-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine and its N-protonated form is studied by ab initio calculations. Examples of the reactivity of this poorly studied system are presented in which it is shown that the imino moiety does not react with dienes but does undergo inter- and intramolecul...

Publisher SummaryMinuscule quantities of naturally occurring pyrazines are found in some foodstuffs and are largely responsible for their flavor and aroma. For example, 3-methylpropyl-2-methoxypyrazine occurs in green peas and wine, and a seasoned wine connoisseur can identify a parts per trilli...

Investigations were carried out applying NMR spectroscopy for the unambiguous determination of the position of the N-oxide function in a set of 2-substituted pyrazine N-oxides synthesized in our group. Applying chemometric techniques of multivariate analysis to the 13C NMR chemical shifts data s...

Condensation of ethanedithioic acid with CS2 and 3 Li[HMDS] leads to the trianion 13 which is protonated to give the dimer 17 of tetrathiomalonic acid. Further deprotonation of 13 leads to the tetraanion 19 which is alkylated to form the tetrakis(alkylthio)allenes 20.

Induction of mild states of hyperketonemia may improve physical and cognitive performance. In this study, we determined the kinetic parameters, safety and tolerability of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone monoester administered in the form of a meal replacement drink to healthy ...

(R)-3-Hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (ketone monoester) has been developed as an oral source of ketones, which may be utilized for energy. In a 28-day toxicity study, Crl:WI (Wistar) rats received diets containing, as 30% of the calories, ketone monoester (12 and 15 g/kg body weight/day for ...

The effect of hydrogen bonding, inter- and intramolecular electrostatic interactions on the structure of 3-hydroxy-pyridine betaine hydrochloride monohydrate (1-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxypyridinium chloride monohydrate), 3-HO-PBH·Cl·H2O, has been studied by X-ray diffraction, 1H and 13C NMR and F...

Betaine monohydrate, (CH3)3NCH2COO·H2O, crystallizes in the space group Pbca with a = 9.475(1), b = 11.512(2), c = 13.095Å and Z = 8. The crystal structure (RF = 0.059 for 1056 observed MO-Kα data) is built of zigzag chains running in the a direction, each comprising an alternate arrangement o...

Pyridine betaine (PB) perchlorate monohydrate, PBH·OH2·ClO4, has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, B3LYP calculation, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The complex crystallizes in space group P212121, with a=7.677(2), b=9.804(2), c=14.474(3)Å, and Z=4. PB is protonated and t...

The polarized infrared and Raman spectra of betaine monohydrate single crystal were measured and discussed in relation to the crystal structure. An assignment of the observed bands to the internal vibrations of the betaine and water molecules is proposed.

BackgroundBetaine is known to act against various biological stresses and its levels were reported to be decreased in schizophrenia patients. We aimed to test the role of betaine in schizophrenia pathophysiology, and to evaluate its potential as a novel psychotherapeutic.

Bis(dimethylphenyl betaine) hydrochloride monohydrate was prepared and characterized by FTIR, Raman spectroscopes, and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations. In the optimized structure of the complex, two betaine moieties are joined by a very strong asymmetric hydrogen bond with an O⋯O distance of 2....

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are attractive as green media because DES are non-toxic and biodegradable. DES are obtained by mixing a quaternary ammonium salt with a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) until they form a eutectic mixture. Recently, DES have been widely applied as solvents for extraction pro...

Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have received great attention as green media, thus suitable for use for several different applications, such as reactions, separations and purifications. DES are formed by mixing the quaternary ammonium salt and the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) compound. Previ...