BackgroundHydrocodone has recently been reclassified as a Schedule II drug by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration and Food and Drug Administration in order to curtail prescription drug abuse. There is concern that analgesic substitutes, such as codeine, will not be as safe or effec...
BackgroundIn 2014, hydrocodone was moved from Schedule III to II, thus it could no longer be “called in” to a pharmacy. We analyzed current postoperative opioid prescribing patterns and the impact of the schedule change on the type and amount prescribed.
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of hydrocodone and its active metabolite hydromorphone in six healthy Greyhound dogs. Hydrocodone bitartrate was administered at a targeted dose of 0.5 mg/kg PO. Plasma concentrations of hydrocodone and hydromorphone were determined...
The Centers for Disease Control has declared opioid abuse to be an epidemic. Overdose deaths are largely assumed to be the result of excessive opioid consumption. In many of these cases, however, opioid abusers are often polydrug abusers. Benzodiazepines are one of the most commonly co-abused su...
Urinary metabolic pattern after the therapeutic peroral dose of dihydrocodeine tartrate to six human volunteers has been explored. Using the GC–MS analytical method, we have found that the major part of the dose administered is eliminated via urine within the first 24 h. However, the analytical...
The objective of this study was to develop the dextromethorphan hydrobromide sustained-release (DMB-SR) tablets using floating technique to prolong the gastric residence time and compared their pharmacokinetic behavior with conventional sustained release tablets. DMB-SR floating tablets were pre...
A simple and high sensitive technique based on three phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME), optimized by using a four-variable experimental design and response surface methodology was performed to evaluate dextromethorphan hydrobromide (DEX) and chloropheniramine maleate (CLP...
Publisher SummaryThis chapter describes codeine phosphate, which occurs in two forms: one containing 1/2 molecule of water of crystallization and the other containing 1 1/2 molecule of water of crystallization. It is odorless and has a bitter taste. The chapter discusses the stereochemistry of c...
Capillary zone electrophoresis was optimized to quantitatively determine codeine and paracetamol via central composite factorial design. Critical parameters (concentration, buffer, pH, voltage) assessed effects on resolution, analysis time and efficiencies. Optimum separation conditions were ach...
A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the quantitative analysis of terpin hydrate was investigated. A Pyrex column packed with 10 percent Carbowax 20M terephthalic acid on Chromosorb W, hexamethyldisilane (HMDS) treated, was found to give satisfactory elution characteristics. Pharmaceutical...
Activation of codeine by O-demethylation into morphine is a prerequisite for its analgesic effects and severe toxicity. Identifying patients in whom morphine is formed either at extremely low or at extremely high amounts may improve efficacy and safety of codeine therapy. To assess how well this...
Repeated opioid administration produces analgesic tolerance, which may lead to dose escalation. Brain CYP2D metabolizes codeine to morphine, a bioactivation step required for codeine analgesia. Higher brain, but not liver, CYP2D is found in smokers and nicotine induces rat brain, but not liver, ...
This chapter illustrates possible applications of capillary electrophoresis in impurity profiling. Due to the large peak capacity of the technique, it is extremely well suited to separate the main drug compound from its possible impurities that often have a very related chemical structure. Moreo...
ABSTRACTStability testing of morphine sulfate formulated with nonpareil sugar seeds (consisting of sucrose and starch) and fumaric acid revealed the formation of the three impurities 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural, 10-hydroxymorphine and 10-oxomorphine. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural was isolated vi...
Morphine is a widely used analgesic for the treatment of severe cancer pain. For a large number of terminally ill patients oral administration is no longer possible and morphine is administered parenterally using portable pumps allowing comfortable treatment of the patient at home. In this situa...
We have found that the simultaneous intrathecal infusion of low concentrations of baclofen and morphine are of significant benefit in the treatment of both severe pain and spasticity. To extend the range of drug concentrations for clinical use, the stability and physical compatibility of baclofe...
Separation of morphine and its oxidation products (10-S-hydroxymorphine, pseudomorphine and morphine N-oxide) by capillary zone electrophoresis in Tris–borate buffer in the presence of cyclodextrins was studied. Pyridoxine was used as an internal standard.
The present study was designed to synthesize lanthanum doped fern-like CuO nanoleaves (La3+-CuO fern-like nanoleaves), which were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)...
A stability-indicating HPLC procedure has been developed for the determination of morphine and its degradation product pseudomorphine in injection solutions. The reversed-phase chromatographic procedure uses an octadecyl-bonded column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and aqueous buffer contai...
Many diseases are connected with chemical substances, zinc ion is most important ion in chemical substances, because zinc ion (Zn2+) has been shown extensively involved in various physiological and pathological processes. In this work, thymolphthalein with good biocompatibility was introduced, t...
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