Levulinic acid supplier | CasNO.123-76-2

Name
Levulinic acid
EINECS 204-649-2
CAS No. 123-76-2
Article Data511
CAS DataBase
Density 1.129 g/cm³
Solubility Soluble in water ( 675g/L at 20°C).
Melting Point 30-33 °C(lit.)
Formula C₅H₈O₃
Boiling Point 242.9 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Weight 116.117
Flash Point 115 °C
Transport Information 3261
Appearance clear yellowish liquid after melting
Safety 26-45-36/37/39
Risk Codes 22-36/37/38-34
Molecular Structure
Hazard Symbols Xn,C
Synonyms Propionic acid, 3-acetyl-;4-Ketovaleric acid;Valeric acid, 4-oxo-;Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-;Pentanoic acid,4-oxo-;4-Oxopentanoic acid;LEVA;Levulinicacid;Usaf cz-1;Acetopropionic acid;4-Oxovaleric acid;.gamma.-Ketovaleric acid;3-Acetylpropionic acid;4-oxopentanoate;
PSA 54.37000
LogP 0.44020

Synthetic route

: 6089-09-4
4-pentynoic acid

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In water at 90℃; for 7h; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature;	100%
With [RhCl2(p-cymene)]2; water at 20℃; for 12h;	92%
gold(I) chloride In acetonitrile at 20℃;	77%

: 626-96-0
4-oxopentanal

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With C4H11FeMo6NO24(3-)*3C16H36N(1+); water; oxygen; sodium carbonate at 50℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 8h; Green chemistry;	99%
With 4H3N4H(1+)CuMo6O18(OH)6(4-); water; oxygen; sodium carbonate at 50℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 12h;	95%
With silver(l) oxide

: 67-47-0
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

: 57-48-7
D-Fructose

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid; water at 90℃; for 1h; Concentration;	96%

: 57-48-7
D-Fructose

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid In water at 100 - 120℃; for 3h; Temperature; Concentration; Flow reactor;	94.83%
With [1-(3-sulfonic acid)]propyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate In water at 170℃; for 5h; Autoclave;	76.7%
With Amberlyst-15 In 1,4-dioxane; water at 150℃; for 3h; Reagent/catalyst; Solvent; Time;	71%

: 10008-73-8
5-methylenedihydrofuran-2-one

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With Lewalit S 100 G1 In benzene for 6h; Ambient temperature;	94%
With dichlorobis(dimethyl sulfoxide)platinum(II) In water at 37℃; for 24h;

: 108-29-2
5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In potassium hydroxide at 30℃; electrolysis: nickel hydroxide electrode, 1.5-1.6 V;	94%
With tetraethylammonium bromide In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 20℃;	78%

: 67-47-0
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With [1-(3-sulfonic acid)]propyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate In water at 170℃; for 5h; Autoclave;	93.4%
sulfuric acid In 2-sec-butylphenol; water at 150℃; for 1h; Product distribution / selectivity;	90%
With water at 155 - 160℃; im Autoklaven;

: 1115-30-6
diethyl acetylsuccinate

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride for 2.5h; Heating; also by alkaline hydrolysis with 10percent aq. KOH;	93%
With hydrogenchloride
With hydrogenchloride at 90℃; for 4h; Yield given;

: 1623-88-7
5-chloromethylfurfural

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; water at 190℃; for 0.333333h; Sealed vessel;	93%
With water at 190℃; for 0.333333h; sealed tube;	91.2%

: 102390-86-3
5-(2-furaldehyde)methyl formate

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In water at 120℃; for 4h; Sealed tube;	92%

cellulose: cellulose

A: 50-99-7
D-glucose

B: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dodecatungstophosphoric acid hydrate; 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride In water at 139.84℃; for 5h; Reagent/catalyst;	A 89% B n/a
With water at 150℃; for 12h; Autoclave;	A 12% B 42%
With 1-(3-sulfopropyl)pyridinium phosphotungstate; water at 150℃; under 15001.5 Torr; for 5h; Autoclave; Inert atmosphere;	A 32.9% B 18.1%

: 57-48-7
D-Fructose

A: 67-47-0
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

B: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In water; iso-butanol at 180℃; Temperature;	A 10% B 89%
With hydrogenchloride; water In 4-methyl-2-pentanone at 140℃; for 0.25h;	A 74% B n/a
With hydrogenchloride; water In methanol at 140℃; for 1.33333h;	A 11% B 72%

: 626-95-9
1,4-Pentanediol

A: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

B: 108-29-2
5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With potassium permanganate; copper(II) sulfate In dichloromethane	A n/a B 87%
With potassium permanganate; copper(II) sulfate In dichloromethane	A 21% B 32%

: 1623-88-7
5-chloromethylfurfural

A: 67-47-0
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

B: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With water for 0.00694444h; Reflux;	A 86% B 10%
With water at 100℃; for 0.00833333h;	A 86.2% B 9.9%
With water In tetrahydrofuran at 100℃; for 0.0416667h;	A 71% B 20%

: 689-31-6
3-oxoadipic acid

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride at 100℃; for 1h;	86%

: 67-56-1
methanol

: 80-71-7
2-hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-en-1-one

A: 100813-24-9
methyl 4-carboxy-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate

B: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With oxygen; methylene blue at 0℃; for 15h; Irradiation;	A 85% B 10%

...Expand

: 98-01-1
furfural

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With formic acid; C32H34N2PRu(1+)*F6P(1-); water at 120℃; for 6h; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Time; Temperature; Autoclave;	84%
With formic acid; [Ru(η6-C6H6)Cl(N,N-ethylenediamine)]PF6 In water at 100℃; for 8h; Kinetics; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Concentration; Temperature;	42%
With formic acid; [Cp*Ir-(4,4’-dimethoxyl-2,2’-bipyridine)(OH2)][SO4] In aq. buffer at 120℃; under 7500.75 Torr; for 4h; pH=1; Catalytic behavior; Reagent/catalyst; Sealed tube;	14%
With formic acid; [(η6-benzene)RuCl(8-aminoquinoline)]Cl; water at 80℃; for 24h; Catalytic behavior; Kinetics; Time; Reagent/catalyst; Temperature; Green chemistry;

cellulose: cellulose

A: 64-18-6
formic acid

B: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride; water at 199.84℃; for 0.166667h; Concentration; Temperature; Time;	A 83% B 43%
With water at 185 - 205℃; for 0.420833h; Product distribution / selectivity; Acidic conditions;	A 82% B n/a
With 5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one at 159.84℃; for 16h;	A 20% B 69%

: 591-80-0
pent-4-enoic acid

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With iron(III) sulfate hydrate; palladium dichloride In water; acetonitrile at 45℃; for 12h; Wacker Oxidation; Inert atmosphere;	82%
With palladium diacetate; Dess-Martin periodane In water; acetonitrile at 50℃; Wacker-Tsuji Olefin Oxidation; Inert atmosphere;	75%

: 539-88-8
4-oxopentanoic acid ethyl ester

A: 6149-46-8
Ethyl γ-hydroxyvalerate

B: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

C: 108-29-2
5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With 3Pd-10Nb-500AC; hydrogen In water at 100℃; under 3750.38 Torr; for 5h; Reagent/catalyst;	A n/a B n/a C 81%

...Expand

: 492-62-6
alpha-D-glucopyranose

A: 67-47-0
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

B: 64-18-6
formic acid

C: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

D: 498-07-7
levoglucosan

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With 15 wtpercent phosphate impregnated titania In water; butan-1-ol at 175℃; under 22502.3 Torr; for 3h; Catalytic behavior; Temperature; Inert atmosphere; Autoclave;	A 81% B n/a C n/a D n/a

...Expand

: 1071-73-4
5-Hydroxy-2-pentanone

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With potassium phosphate; carbon dioxide; CrH6Mo6O24(3-)3H3N3H(1+) In dimethyl sulfoxide at 80℃; under 750.075 Torr; for 24h; Green chemistry;	81%

: 98-00-0
(2-furyl)methyl alcohol

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride In tetrahydrofuran; water Reflux;	80%
sulfuric acid In 2-sec-butylphenol; water at 125℃; for 3h; Product distribution / selectivity;	76%
With carbon dioxide In 2-methyltetrahydrofuran; water at 150℃; under 30003 Torr; for 15h; Autoclave;	55%

: 502-67-0
Farnesal

A: 144-62-7
oxalic acid

B: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

C: 67-64-1
acetone

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With ozone	A 10% B 55% C 80%

...Expand

: 499-02-5
Feist's acid

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
In water at 250℃; for 1h;	80%

: 6945-36-4
4-(hydroxyimino)valeric acid

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With water; Dess-Martin periodane In dichloromethane for 0.25h; Ambient temperature;	80%

: 37112-31-5
levoglucosenone

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With sulfuric acid; water at 200℃; Product distribution; Further Variations:; Temperatures; various ratios of reagents; Hydrolysis;	80%
Multi-step reaction with 2 steps 1: sulfuric acid / water / 0.07 h / 130 °C / Green chemistry 2: sulfuric acid; water / 130 °C / Green chemistry View Scheme

: 492-61-5
β-D-glucose

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With water; 2HO4P(2-)Ti(4+)H2O at 120℃; for 8h; Catalytic behavior; Temperature;	80%
With nickel(II) sulfate hexahydrate; 1-(4-sulfonic acid)butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride In water at 155℃; for 5h; Reagent/catalyst; Autoclave;	56.33%
With hydrogenchloride; water at 130℃; for 2h; Reagent/catalyst; Autoclave; Green chemistry;

: 3626-56-0
2-morpholinopropanenitrile

: 292638-85-8
acrylic acid methyl ester

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: 2-morpholinopropanenitrile With sodium hydride In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 0℃; for 0.5h; Stage #2: acrylic acid methyl ester In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 0 - 20℃;	78%

: 67-47-0
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde

A: 65313-46-4
1-hydroxyl-2,5-hexanedione

B: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With palladium on activated charcoal; hydrogen In tetrahydrofuran; water at 80℃; under 37503.8 Torr; for 15h; Autoclave;	A 77% B n/a

: 67-56-1
methanol

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 624-45-3
levulinic acid methyl ester

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With hydrogenchloride at 65℃; for 1.5h; Reagent/catalyst;	100%
With Amberlyst-15 at 110℃; for 0.5h; Reagent/catalyst; Sealed tube; Microwave irradiation;	99.6%
With sulfuric acid at 50℃; for 5h;	99%

: 64-17-5
ethanol

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 539-88-8
4-oxopentanoic acid ethyl ester

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With Zirconium Exchanged Phosphotungstic Acid at 120℃; for 2h; Temperature;	100%
With sulfuric acid for 16h; Reflux;	100%
With naphthalene; N,N,N-triethyl-N-butanesulfonic acid ammonium hydrogen sulfate at 140℃; for 0.5h;	99%

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 626-95-9
1,4-Pentanediol

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With gold-titanium dioxide; hydrogen at 200℃; under 37503.8 Torr; for 4h; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst; Microwave irradiation;	100%
With Λ(+)-tris(pentane-2,5-dionato)ruthenium; hydrogen; [2-((diphenylphospino)methyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediyl]bis[diphenylphosphine] at 160℃; under 75007.5 Torr; for 18h; Inert atmosphere;	95%
With tris(2,4-pentanedionato)ruthenium(III); hydrogen; [2-((diphenylphospino)methyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediyl]bis[diphenylphosphine] at 160℃; under 75007.5 Torr; for 18h; Inert atmosphere; Autoclave;	95%

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 108-29-2
5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With formic acid; hydrogen; Ru/C at 149.84℃; under 26252.6 Torr; for 2h; Conversion of starting material;	100%
With ruthenium(IV) oxide hydrate; hydrogen In water at 24 - 50℃; under 3750.38 Torr; for 1.5h; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst; Pressure;	100%
With formic acid In methanol; water at 70℃; for 0.833333h; Temperature; Reagent/catalyst; Flow reactor; Green chemistry;	100%

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 40608-06-8
levulinic anhydride

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; for 0.0833333h;	100%
With dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃;	100%
With dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In diethyl ether

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 40615-39-2
5'-O-(4-4'-dimethoxytrityl)thymidine

: 93134-37-3
5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-3'-O-levulinoyl-2'-deoxythymidine

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 1.5h;	100%
With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In 1,4-dioxane at 20℃; for 12h;	99%
With dmap; N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide In 1,4-dioxane for 2.5h;	98%

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 67219-55-0
4-N-Benzoyl-2'-deoxy-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)cytidine

: 93134-38-4
(2R,3S,5R)-5-(4-benzamido-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-2-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl-4-oxopentanoate

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In tetrahydrofuran for 2h;	100%
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In 1,4-dioxane for 1h;
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In 1,4-dioxane at 25℃; for 3h;

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 19186-40-4
1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-galactopyranoside

: 78174-45-5
1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-O-levulinoyl-α-D-galactopyranose

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In dichloromethane	100%
With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride; triethylamine In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 5h;	93%
With N,N'-dimethylaminopyridine; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In tetrahydrofuran for 4h; Ambient temperature;	91%
With 1,4-diaza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; 2-chloro-1-methyl-pyridinium iodide In 1,4-dioxane at 20℃; for 24h;	91%
With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In dichloromethane at 20℃;	77%

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: levulinic acid Cs salt

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With cesium hydroxide In methanol at 20℃; for 1h; Substitution;	100%

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 155847-13-5
γ-hydroxyvaleric acid

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With magnesium chloride In isopropyl alcohol at 25℃; pH=7; Catalytic behavior;	100%
With diisopinocampheylborane In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 17h;	83%
Stage #1: levulinic acid With diisopinocampheylborane In tetrahydrofuran at 0℃; Stage #2: In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 17h; Stage #3: With sodium hydroxide; dihydrogen peroxide In tetrahydrofuran Further stages.;	82%
With hydrogen; acetic acid In tetrahydrofuran under 67506.8 Torr; for 20h; Autoclave;
With hydrogen; C67H80IrNOP(1+)*C32H12BF24(1-); triethylamine In methanol at 65℃; for 24h;

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 127-06-0
acetone oxime

: 647834-80-8
O-levulinyl acetonoxime

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In diethyl ether at 20℃; for 0.5h;	100%

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 18403-22-0
(3aS,6S,7R,7aR)-6-Benzyloxy-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyran-7-ol

: 866476-71-3
benzyl 2-O-levulinyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-β-L-arabinopyranoside

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 12h;	100%

: ethyl 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->3)-4,6-O-benzylidene-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 904689-98-1
ethyl 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->3)-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-O-levulinoyl-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 20h;	100%
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 20h;	100%

: 1,2-O-(α-allyloxybenzylidene)-5-O-(triisopropylsilyl)-β-D-arabinofuranose

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 1,2-O-(α-allyloxybenzylidene)-3-O-levulinoyl-5-O-(triisopropylsilyl)-β-D-arabinofuranose

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 1.5h;	100%

: 945224-39-5
methyl 2-O-pivaloyl-3-O-benzyl-5-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-D-glucuronate di(ethylthio)acetal

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 945224-40-8
methyl 2-O-pivaloyl-3-O-benzyl-4-O-levulinoyl-5-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-D-glucuronate di(ethylthio)acetal

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; diisopropyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 20h;	100%

: 945224-34-0
2-O-pivaloyl-3-O-benzyl-5-O-triphenylmethyl-D-xylose di(ethylthio)acetal

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 945224-35-1
2-O-pivaloyl-3-O-benzyl-4-O-levulinoyl-5-O-triphenylmethyl-D-xylose di(ethylthio)acetal

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; diisopropyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 4h;	100%

: C14H17N3O4S

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: C19H23N3O6S

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide; dmap In dichloromethane	100%

: C27H32F2N2O15

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: C32H40F2N2O15

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
Stage #1: C27H32F2N2O15 With hydrogen; palladium In ethyl acetate for 2h; Stage #2: levulinic acid With 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In dichloromethane	100%

: 1021297-63-1
(R)-4-benzyl-3-((2S,3R,4S,5R)-4,5-bis(benzyloxy)-6,6-bis(ethylthio)-3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)hexanoyl)oxazolidin-2-one

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 1021297-67-5
(R)-4-benzyl-3-((2S,3R,4S,5R)-3-levulinoxy-4,5-bis(benzyloxy)-6,6-bis(ethylthio)-2-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)hexanoyl)oxazolidin-2-one

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; diisopropyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 18h; Inert atmosphere;	100%

: C68H68O12

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: C73H74O14

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; 2-chloro-1-dimethylaminopropane Inert atmosphere;	100%

: 1158796-88-3
phenyl 4,6-O-di(tert-butyl)silylidene-1,2-dideoxy-2-trichloroacetamido-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 1158796-90-7
phenyl 4,6-O-di(tert-butyl)silylidene-1,2-dideoxy-3-O-levulinoyl-2-trichloroacetamido-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; diisopropyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃;	100%

: 81246-80-2
5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl uridine

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 1309592-43-5
5'-DMTr-2'-TBDMS-3'-levulinyl-uridine

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 18h;	100%
Stage #1: levulinic acid With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In tetrahydrofuran for 0.25h; Stage #2: 5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl uridine In tetrahydrofuran for 5h;	87%

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 20701-61-5, 56119-28-9, 131564-36-8, 142924-31-0, 151123-92-1, 141899-53-8
ethyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside

: 1259036-06-0
ethylthio 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-di-O-levulinyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In dichloromethane at 0 - 20℃; for 3h;	100%
With dmap; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride In dichloromethane at 42℃; for 2h;	95%

: 1361016-60-5
(2-methyl-5-tert-butylphenyl) 2-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-1-thio-α-D-mannopyranoside

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: (2-methyl-5-tert-butylphenyl) 2-O-benzoyl-3-O-levulinoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-1-thio-α-D-mannopyranoside

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 1h; Inert atmosphere;	100%

: 1374632-99-1
(2R,3S,4R,5S)-4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-2-((R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-5-(p-tolylthio)tetrahydrofuran-3-ol

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 1374633-02-9
(2S,3S,4R,5S)-4-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)-2-((R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-5-(p-tolylthio)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl 4-oxopentanoate

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide at 20℃; for 3h; Inert atmosphere;	100%
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 3h;	95%

: C38H34O7

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: benzyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-O-(2-methylnaphthyl)-2-O-levulinoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; for 5h;	100%

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 144174-52-7
allyl 4-O-benzyl-3-O-para-methoxybenzyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside

: 1448429-77-3
allyl 4-O-benzyl-2-O-levulinoyl-3-O-p-methoxybenzyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane for 2h; Inert atmosphere;	100%

: 64868-20-8
(1S,2R)-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-2-hydroxy)ethyltrimethylammonium iodide

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: 1639366-26-9
[(1R,2S)-N,N-dimethylephedrinium][levulinate]

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With Dowex Inert atmosphere;	100%

: 13019-22-2
9-Decen-1-ol

: 123-76-2
levulinic acid

: C15H26O3

Conditions

Conditions	Yield
With dmap; dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide In dichloromethane at 20℃; Inert atmosphere;	100%

Levulinic acid Specification

Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula CH₃C(O)CH₂CH₂CO₂H. It is also named as β-Acetylpropionic acid; γ-Ketovaleric acid; Laevulinic acid; Levulic acid; 3-Acetylpropionic acid; 4-Ketovaleric acid; 4-Oxopentanoic acid; 4-Oxovaleric acid; Acetopropionic acid; LEVA. It is classified as a keto acid. This white crystalline is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is derived from degradation of cellulose and is a potential precursor to biofuels. Levulinic acid is a precursor to nylon-like polymers, synthetic rubbers, and plastics. And it is a versatile synthetic intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Besides, it is a precursor in the industrial production of other chemical commodities such as methyltetrahydrofuran, valerolactone, and ethyl levulinate.

Physical properties about Levulinic acid are: (1)ACD/LogP: -0.49; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): -1.29; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): -3.08; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1.00; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.00; (6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 2.06; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 1.00; (8)#H bond acceptors: 3; (9)#H bond donors: 1; (10)#Freely Rotating Bonds: 3; (11)Index of Refraction: 1.435; (12)Molar Refractivity: 26.807 cm³; (13)Molar Volume: 102.815 cm³; (14)Polarizability: 10.627 10-24cm³; (15)Surface Tension: 39.6129989624023 dyne/cm; (16)Density: 1.129 g/cm³; (17)Flash Point: 114.964 °C; (18)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 52.85 kJ/mol; (19)Boiling Point: 242.892 °C at 760 mmHg; (20)Vapour Pressure: 0.0109999999403954 mmHg at 25°C

Preparation of Levulinic acid: Levulinic acid is prepared in the laboratory by heating sucrose with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The process proceeds via the intermediacy of glucose, which is isomerized to fructose and then hydroxymethylfurfural. Other sugar-derivatives, such as levulose, inulin, starch, and other acids, e.g. sulfuric acids can also be used.

When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:
1. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice;
2. In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible);
3. Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves;

You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)InChI=1S/C5H8O3/c1-4(6)2-3-5(7)8/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8);
(2)InChIKey=JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
(3)SmilesC(CCC(O)=O)(C)=O;

The toxicity data is as follows:

Organism	Test Type	Route	Reported Dose (Normalized Dose)	Source
mouse	LD50	intraperitoneal	450mg/kg (450mg/kg)	National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD607-952,
rabbit	LD50	skin	> 5gm/kg (5000mg/kg)	Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 17, Pg. 847, 1979.
rat	LD50	oral	1850mg/kg (1850mg/kg)	Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 17, Pg. 847, 1979.

Product Name

Levulinic acid

Synthetic route

Levulinic acid Specification

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