Clarithromycin

1. Introduction of Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin is one kind of white or almost white crystalline powder or colourless crystalline needles. The Systematic (IUPAC) name of this chemical is (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11S,12R,13S,14S)-6-{[(2S,3R,4S,6R) -4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy} -14-ethyl-12,13-dihydroxy-4-{[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy -4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-7 -methoxy-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl -1-oxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dione. The Classification Code of it is Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antibacterial; Drug / Therapeutic Agent; Enzyme Inhibitors; Human Data; Protein synthesis inhibitors.

Clarithromycin belongs to Antibiotics;APIs;Antibiotics for Research and Experimental Use;Biochemistry;Macrolides (Antibiotics for Research and Experimental Use);Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;API's;1694 Pharmaceuticals&Personal Care Products;A - KAntibiotics;Antibacterial;Antibiotics A to;Antibiotics A-FAntibiotics;Chemical Structure Class;MacrolidesEPA;Neats;Spectrum of Activity. Besides, it should stored in -20°C Freezer.

2. Properties of Clarithromycin
Physical properties about Clarithromycin are:
(1)Index of Refraction: 1.526; (2)Molar Refractivity: 194 cm³; (3)Molar Volume: 631.9 cm³; (4)Density: 1.18 g/cm³; (5)Solubility: Insoluble; (6)Flash Point: 440.9 °C; (7)Melting Point: 217-220 °C; (8)Surface Tension: 48.7 dyne/cm; (9)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 133.36 kJ/mol; (10)Vapour Pressure: 5.06E-30 mmHg at 25 °C; (11)Boiling Point of 6-o-Methoxyerythromycin: 805.5 °C at 760 mmHg.

3. Structure Descriptors of Clarithromycin
(1)Canonical SMILES: CCC1C(C(C(C(=O)C(CC(C(C(C(C(C(=O)O1)C)OC2CC(C(C(O2)C)O)(C)OC)C)OC3C(C(CC
(O3)C)N(C)C)O)(C)OC)C)C)O)(C)O
(2)Isomeric SMILES: CC[C@@H]1[C@@]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)[C@@H](C[C@@]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)O1)C)O[C@H]2C[C@@]([C@H]([C@@H](O2)C)O)(C)OC)C)O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H](C[C@H](O3)C)N(C)C)O)(C)OC)C)C)O)(C)O
(3)InChI: InChI=1S/C38H69NO13/c1-15-26-38(10,45)31(42)21(4)28(40)19(2)17-37(9,47-14)33(52-35-29(41)25(39(11)12)16-20(3)48-35)22(5)30(23(6)34(44)50-26)51-27-18-36(8,46-13)32(43)24(7)49-27/h19-27,29-33,35,41-43,45H,15-18H2,1-14H3/t19-,20-,21+,22+,23-,24+,25+,26-,27+,29-,30+,31-,32+,33-,35+,36-,37-,38-/m1/s1
(4)InChIKey: AGOYDEPGAOXOCK-KCBOHYOISA-N

4. Toxicity of Clarithromycin

6. Safety information of Clarithromycin
A poison by intraperitoneal and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of NOx.
Hazard Codes: Xn,Xi
Risk Statements: 22-36/37/38
R22:Harmful if swallowed.
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
Safety Statements: 26-36
S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S36:Wear suitable protective clothing.
RTECS: KF4997000

The first aid is as following. Such as: When on the skin: first, should flush skin with plenty of water immediately for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing. Secondly, get medical aid. Or in the eyes: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Then get medical aid soon. While, it's inhaled: Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. Give artificial respiration while not breathing. When breathing is difficult, give oxygen. And as soon as to get medical aid. Then you have the ingesting of the product : Wash mouth out with water, and get medical aid immediately. In addition, it should be stored only in original container, or keep its container tightly closed.

7. Uses of Clarithromycin
The usage of Clarithromycin (CAS NO.81103-11-9) is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic, a derivative of erythromycin. And it is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat upper and lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections. Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, skin and skin structure infections. In addition, it is sometimes used to treat legionellosis, Helicobacter pylori, and lyme disease.

8. Production of Clarithromycin
(1)Use Erythromycin as the raw material and get the methyl off amino by using hydrolysis.
(2)Then get it reaction with Benzyl chloroformate and protect 5-tetrahydropyran ring side-chain hydroxyl and amino.
(3)In the methyl iodide reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide and tetrahydrofuran, carry out six on the methylation of hydroxyl and deprotected by catalytic hydrogenolysis,then reaction with the amino-formaldehyde.
(4)Finally,it is reduced to methyl, named clarithromycin.

The detailed steps are as follows: