sulfur dioxide
water
iodine
A
sulfuric acid
B
hydrogen iodide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
0 - 25 °C; part of a Mg-S-I water splitting cycle; | A 100% B 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 170-180°C; in very dilute soln. complete decompn. in 2 h, incomplete decompn. in concd. solns.; | A n/a B 100% |
byproducts: H2S4O6; | |
sodium thiosulfate In water 100°C; |
carbon oxide sulfide
dihydrogen peroxide
A
carbon dioxide
B
sulfuric acid
C
water
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With potassium sulfate; potassium hydrogensulfate; potassium peroxomonosulfate In water Kinetics; oxidation of OCS studied in round-bottom Pyrex bulbs, acid-water mixtures introduced into bulbs and degassed, bulb reactors filled with with a gas mixture slightly above 1 atm total pressure with a typical mixing ratio of OCS:Ar:He=40:60:700 Torr; gas chromy. and mass spectroscopy applied for determination of product content; | A 100% B n/a C n/a |
With sulfuric acid In water Kinetics; oxidation of OCS studied in round-bottom Pyrex bulbs, acid-water mixtures introduced into bulbs and degassed, bulb reactors filled with with a gas mixture slightly above 1 atm total pressure with a typical mixing ratio of OCS:Ar:He=40:60:700 Torr; gas chromy. and mass spectroscopy applied for determination of product content; | A 100% B n/a C n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sulfuric acid; ammonia absorption of dild. SO2 in aq. soln. of NH3, eliberation with H2SO4, O2 from water electrolysis, 3-layer contact bed, heat exchanger, 3 H2SO4 absorbers, coke filter, tail gas recirculation, 528-682°C; | 99.5% |
With NH3; H2SO4; catalyst: V compd. absorption of dild. SO2 in aq. soln. of NH3, eliberation with H2SO4, O2 from water electrolysis, 3-layer contact bed, heat exchanger, 3 H2SO4 absorbers, coke filter, tail gas recirculation, 528-682°C; | 99.5% |
ferric hydroxide In not given 125-130°C, Fe(OH)3 on pumice or asbestos; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With air moist air introductions into four-stage contact furnace, 2-stage drum absorber, washing of tail gas in Venturi app.; 93-95 % acid concn.; | 99% |
With air moist air introductions into four-stage contact furnace, 2-stage drum absorber, washing of tail gas in Venturi app.; 93-95 % acid concn.; | 99% |
With catalyst: V compd. moist S roaster gas, absorption in concd. acid; |
hydrogenchloride
copper(II) sulfate
A
sulfuric acid
B
chlorine
C
copper
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In water Electrolysis; | A n/a B 90% C 99% |
In water |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hydrogenchloride room temp.; 10-15 min.; | A n/a B 99% |
In hydrogenchloride room temp.; 10-15 min.; | A n/a B 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sulphurous acid byproducts: H2O; | A n/a B 99% |
With H2SO3 byproducts: H2O; | A n/a B 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In not given Electrolysis; Pt anode, graphite cathode, area of the electrodes 30 cm^2, 1 A, 20 min, 0.208 mg/l SO2 soln.; | A 98.16% B 70.87% |
In not given Electrolysis; Pt anode, graphite cathode, area of the electrodes 30 cm^2, 1 A, 20 min, 0.420 mg/l SO2 soln.; | A 98.52% B 74.28% |
In not given Electrolysis; Pt anode, graphite cathode, area of the electrodes 30 cm^2, 1 A, 20 min, 1.123 mg/l SO2 soln.; | A 98.86% B 74.2% |
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
3-stage contact with heat exchangers, for pyrite roaster gas; | 98% |
With air burning at 820°C in rotating furnace, elec. filter, washing, air addn., wet elec. filter, drying, heat exchanger, two-stage inner cooling, cooler, absorption, cooling; | |
With nitric acid formation of H2SO4 by reaction of HNO3 with pyrite; faster reaction at 100 °C than at higher temperature;; | |
With air; catalyst: V2O5 - K2O - SiO2 burning at 820°C in rotating furnace, elec. filter, washing, air addn., wet elec. filter, drying, heat exchanger, two-stage inner cooling, cooler, absorption, cooling; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With (CN)2 In water byproducts: HCN; with (CN)2 excess for 4-5 days at room temp.; | 94% |
contact oven with intermediate heat exchangers, temp. regulation by fresh air addn., H2O to inlet gas, SO2 recycling; | 80% |
condensation after contact furnace at 175. degree.C; 66.3 % acid concn.; | 46.7% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In water Electrolysis; formation of PbSO4 on Pb-anode; electrolysis of PbSO4; | A 91% B 91% |
With H2O Electrolysis; | |
In water Electrolysis; |
sulphurous acid
chloric acid
A
sulfuric acid
B
chlorine dioxide
C
water
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With air; sulfur dioxide In sulfuric acid byproducts: HClO, HCl, Cl2; Holst-process;; | A n/a B 90% C n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
uranyl chloride In neat (no solvent) equilibrium on thermal decompn.;; distillation;; | A 90% B n/a |
mercury In neat (no solvent) equilibrium on thermal decompn.;; distillation;; | A 90% B n/a |
bismuth(III) chloride In neat (no solvent) equilibrium on thermal decompn.;; distillation;; | A 90% B n/a |
5-Chloro-1,10-phenanthroline
bromanilic acid
(VO)2(Br2C6O4)(C12H7ClN2)2(2+)*SO4(2-)=[(VO)2(Br2C6O4)(C12H7ClN2)2](SO4)
B
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In methanol dropwise addn. of soln. of VOSO4 to soln of bromanilic acid, addn. of soln. of N-ligand (stirring, room temp.), refluxing (8 h; crystn.); filtration, washing (MeOH, Et2O), drying (vac., over P2O5), recrystn. (DMF/EtOH); elem. anal.; | A 88% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: chlorosulfonic acid With Acetanilid at 26 - 45℃; for 9.2h; Stage #2: With thionyl chloride at 55℃; for 6.4h; Temperature; Further stages; | A 87% B n/a |
2.9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline
bromanilic acid
(VO)2(Br2C6O4)((CH3)2C12H6N2)2(2+)*SO4(2-)=[(VO)2(Br2C6O4)((CH3)2C12H6N2)2](SO4)
B
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In methanol dropwise addn. of soln. of VOSO4 to soln of bromanilic acid, addn. of soln. of N-ligand (stirring, room temp.), refluxing (8 h; crystn.); filtration, washing (MeOH, Et2O), drying (vac., over P2O5), recrystn. (DMF/EtOH); elem. anal.; | A 85% B n/a |
1,10-Phenanthroline
bromanilic acid
(VO)2(Br2C6O4)(C12H8N2)2(2+)*SO4(2-)=[(VO)2(Br2C6O4)(C12H8N2)2](SO4)
B
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In methanol dropwise addn. of soln. of VOSO4 to soln of bromanilic acid, addn. of soln. of N-ligand (stirring, room temp.), refluxing (8 h; crystn.); filtration, washing (MeOH, Et2O), drying (vac., over P2O5), recrystn. (DMF/EtOH); elem. anal.; | A 81% B n/a |
aminosulfonic acid
A
sulfuric acid
B
nitrogen
C
sodium chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With chlorine In water introduction of chlorine into alkaline soln.; intermediates (NaSO3NCl2/NaSO3NHCl) decompose after short time in this soln.;; | A n/a B 79.65% C n/a |
With Cl2 In water introduction of chlorine into alkaline soln.; intermediates (NaSO3NCl2/NaSO3NHCl) decompose after short time in this soln.;; | A n/a B 79.65% C n/a |
[2,2]bipyridinyl
bromanilic acid
(VO)2(Br2C6O4)(NC5H4C5H4N)2(2+)*SO4(2-)=[(VO)2(Br2C6O4)(NC5H4C5H4N)2](SO4)
B
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In methanol dropwise addn. of soln. of VOSO4 to soln of bromanilic acid, addn. of soln. of N-ligand (stirring, room temp.), refluxing (8 h; crystn.); filtration, washing (MeOH, Et2O), drying (vac., over P2O5), recrystn. (DMF/EtOH); elem. anal.; | A 72% B n/a |
trisulfimide
A
ammonium bisulfate
B
sulfuric acid
C
SULFAMIDE
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water heat of evapn., 2 h, 2 M HCl; | A n/a B 67% C n/a |
With H2O heat of evapn., 2 h, 2 M HCl; | A n/a B 67% C n/a |
trisulfimide
A
sulfuric acid
B
aminosulfonic acid
C
SULFAMIDE
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water in the cold, 48 h, 2 M HCl; | A 33% B n/a C n/a |
With H2O in the cold, 48 h, 2 M HCl; | A 33% B n/a C n/a |
In water decompn. in aq. soln.; 0 and 22°C discussed; presece of acid discussed;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In water 0.2362 mM/g decompn. 46.8°C, 245 h.; | A 19.96% B n/a |
In water 0.2401 mM/g decompn. 25.3°C, 945.25 h.; | A 2.96% B n/a |
In water Kinetics; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
condensation of humidified S burner gas; | |
absorption of moist gas to H2SO4; | |
In water in sealed tube;at 150°C;under 20 atm O2;; | 0.06% |
bismuth
sulfuric acid
pyrographite
2-butyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1H-imidazole
platinum
2-butyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxaldehyde
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydroxide In water | 100% |
With sodium hydroxide In water | 98.2% |
With sodium hydroxide In methanol; water | 94.5% |
7-Chloro-4-hydroxy-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,2,5,10-tetrahydropyridazino [4,5-b]quinoline-1,10-dione
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In methanol | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hydrogenchloride; sulfuric acid dissolving CdS in HCl, evapn. to dryness, dissoln. in dild. H2SO4, evapn. with a drop of concd. HNO3; | 100% |
In hydrogenchloride; sulfuric acid aq. H2SO4; dissolving CdS in HCl, evapn. to dryness, dissoln. in dild. H2SO4, evapn. with a drop of concd. HNO3; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
70 °C; 1-2. step of Mg-S-I water splitting cycle; | A 100% B 100% |
[Fe(μ-S2(CH2)3)(CN)(CO)4(PMe3)](1-)
sulfuric acid
hydrogen
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In water Electrolysis; electrolysis of soln. of Fe2(CO)4(CN)(PMe3)S2(CH2)3 with 50 equiv. H2SO4at -1.2 V for 15 min; GC analysis; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With water In sulfuric acid digesting; concn. of H2SO4 in aq. H2SO4 >93%; pptn. by adjusting H2SO4 concn. to 84.15%-93% with water; | 100% |
With H2O In sulfuric acid aq. H2SO4; digesting; concn. of H2SO4 in aq. H2SO4 >93%; pptn. by adjusting H2SO4 concn. to 84.15%-93% with water; | 100% |
With water In sulfuric acid uptake of water from the air; |
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In sulfuric acid aq. H2SO4; Nb-contg. compd. was treated in aq. H2SO4 for 48 h; | 100% |
sulfuric acid
1-methyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium hydrogensulfate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In toluene at 80℃; for 24h; | 100% |
4-(pyridinium-1-yl)butane-1-sulfonate
sulfuric acid
N-(4-sulphonic acid)butylpyridinium hydrogen sulphate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In toluene at 80℃; for 24h; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 300℃; for 3h; | 100% |
strontium(II) carbonate
sulfuric acid
sulfur trioxide
boric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 180℃; for 24h; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In further solvent(s) H2SO4 was added to Bi in HNO3 with stirring and heating; more H2SO4 wasadded and suspn. was heated for 40 h; heated in a muffle furnace at 648K; elem. anal.; | 99.8% |
In sulfuric acid byproducts: SO2; by dissolving in boiling concd. H2SO4;; | |
In sulfuric acid byproducts: SO2; very weak reaction with diluted H2SO4.;; | |
In nitric acid Bi dissolved in HNO3 and treated with H2SO4, heated for several hours at 380 °C;; |
2-(bromomethyl)-3-methylbutanoic acid
sulfuric acid
isobutene
2-Bromomethyl-3-methyl-butyric acid tert-butyl ester
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium hydrogencarbonate In dichloromethane | 99% |
2,4,6-trimethyl-pyridine
N-methylcyclohexylamine
sulfuric acid
tetrabutylammomium bromide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene | 99% |
N-nitroso-N-cyclohexylhydroxylamine potassium salt
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In water; toluene | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In methanol byproducts: HCl; concd. H2SO4 is added to a soln. of the cluster in MeOH, HCl is evolvedand soln. is warmed up; soln. is heated to remove HCl and concd., soln. is diluted with MeOH, ppt.is sepd., washed and dried over P2O5, elem. anal.; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With acetic acid In water soln. PdEnCl2 in water was treated under heating in water bath with saturated aq. thiourea acidified with acetic acid, in 30 min 2 M H2SO4 was added; ppt. was filtered, washed with diluted H2SO4 and water, and dried; | 99% |
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In sulfuric acid aq. H2SO4; room temp.; | 99% |
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In sulfuric acid aq. H2SO4; room temp.; | 99% |
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In sulfuric acid aq. H2SO4; room temp.; | 99% |
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In sulfuric acid aq. H2SO4; room temp.; | 99% |
sulfuric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In sulfuric acid aq. H2SO4; room temp.; | 99% |
The discovery of sulfuric acid is credited to the 8th century Muslim chemist and alchemist, Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber). The acid was later studied by 9th century Persian physician and alchemist Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes), who obtained the substance by dry distillation of minerals including iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO4·7H2O, and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4·5H2O.
In the 17th century, the German-Dutch chemist Johann Glauber prepared sulfuric acid by burning sulfur together with saltpeter (potassium nitrate, KNO3), in the presence of steam
Sulfuric acid created by John Roebuck's process only approached a 35–40% concentration.
Later refinements to the lead-chamber process by French chemist Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac and British chemist John Glover improved the yield to 78%.
Throughout the 18th century, this could only be made by dry distilling minerals in a technique similar to the original alchemical processes.
In 1831, British vinegar merchant Peregrine Phillips patented the contact process, which was a far more economical process for producing sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid. Today, nearly all of the world's sulfuric acid is produced using this method.
Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.
OSHA PEL: TWA 1 mg/m3
ACGIH TLV: TWA 1 mg/m3; STEL 3 mg/m3; Suspected Human Carcinogen (Contained in strong inorganic mists); (Proposed: TWA 0.2 mg/m3; Suspected Human Carcinogen (Contained in strong inorganic mists))
DFG MAK: 1 mg/m3
NIOSH REL: (Sulfuric Acid) TWA 1 mg/m3
DOT Classification: 8; Label: Corrosive
Sulfuric acid (CAS NO.7664-93-9) ,its occupational chemical analysis uses OSHA: #ID-113 or NIOSH: Acids, inorganic, 7903.
Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid), with the cas number 7664-93-9, is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2 SO4. It is a pungent-ethereal, colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid which is soluble in water at all concentrations.Sometimes, it may be dark brown as dyed during its industrial production process in order to alert people to its hazards.
Physical properties about Sulfuric acid are: (1)ACD/LogP: -1.114; (2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): -5.61; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): -5.61; (4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1.00; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.00; (6)#H bond acceptors: 4; (7)#H bond donors: 2; (8)Index of Refraction: 1.537; (9)Molar Refractivity: 13.925 cm3; (10)Molar Volume: 44.58 cm3; (11)Polarizability: 5.52 10-24cm3; (12)Surface Tension: 124.13500213623 dyne/cm; (13)Density: 2.2 g/cm3; (14)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 62.935 kJ/mol; (15)Boiling Point: 330.001 °C at 760 mmHg
Preparation of Sulfuric acid: The manufacture of Sulfuric acid (CAS NO.7664-93-9) by the lead chamberprocess involves oxidation of sulfur to sulfur dioxide by oxygen, further oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide with nitrogen dioxide, and, finally, hydrolysis of sulfur trioxide.
S + O2 → SO2
2NO + O2→ 2NO2
SO2 + NO2 → SO3 + NO
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4
Modifications of the process include towers to recover excess nitrogen oxides and to increase the final acid concentration from 65% (chamber acid) to 78% (tower acid).
The contact process has evolved to become the method of choice for sulfuric acid manufacture because of the ability of the process to produce stronger acid.
S + O2 → SO2
2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4
In the process, sulfur and oxygen are converted to sulfur dioxide at 1000 °C and then cooled to 420 °C. The sulfur dioxide and oxygen enter the converter, which contains a catalyst such as vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). About 60 to 65% of the sulfur dioxide is converted by an exothermic reaction to sulfur trioxide in the first layer with a 2 to 4-second contact time. The gas leaves the converter at 600°C and is cooled to 400°C before it enters the second layer of catalyst. After the third layer, about 95% of the sulfur dioxide is converted into sulfur trioxide. The mixture is then fed to the initial absorption tower, where the sulfur trioxide is hydrated to sulfuric acid after which the gas mixture is reheated to 420 °C and enters the fourth layer of catalyst that gives overall a 99.7% conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide. It is cooled and then fed to the final absorption tower and hydrated to sulfuric acid. The final sulfuric acid concentration is 98 to 99% (1 to 2% water). A small amount of this acid is recycled by adding some water and recirculating into the towers to pick up more sulfur trioxide.
Uses of Sulfuric acid: Although Sulfuric acid is the common starting raw material, other sources of Sulfuric acid (CAS NO.7664-93-9) can be used, including iron, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc sulfides. Hydrogen sulfide, a by-product of petroleum refining and natural gas refining, can be burned to sulfur dioxide. Gypsum (CaSO4) can also be used but needs high temperatures to be converted to sulfur dioxide. Other uses for it include the manufacture of fertilizers, chemicals, inorganic pigments, petroleum refining, etching, as a catalyst in alkylation processes, in electroplating baths, for pickling and other operations in iron and steel production, in rayon and film manufacture, in the making of explosives, and in nonferrous metallurgy.
When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:
In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice;
Never add water to this product;
In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible);?
Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves;
You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4);
(2)InChIKey=QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
(3)SmilesS(=O)(=O)(O)O;
The toxicity data is as follows:
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
guinea pig | LC50 | inhalation | 18mg/m3 (18mg/m3) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES | Medicina del Lavoro. Industrial Medicine. Vol. 45, Pg. 590, 1954. |
human | TCLo | inhalation | 1mg/m3/3H (1mg/m3) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES | Inhalation Toxicology. Vol. 9, Pg. 731, 1997. |
human | TCLo | inhalation | 3mg/m3/24W (3mg/m3) | MUSCULOSKELETAL: CHANGES IN TEETH AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES | British Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 18, Pg. 63, 1961. |
man | LDLo | unreported | 135mg/kg (135mg/kg) | "Poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments," 2nd ed., Arena, J.M., Springfield, IL, C.C. Thomas, 1970Vol. 2, Pg. 73, 1970. | |
mouse | LC50 | inhalation | 320mg/m3/2H (320mg/m3) | "Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic Chemicals Under Single Exposure," Izmerov, N.F., et al., Moscow, Centre of International Projects, GKNT, 1982Vol. -, Pg. 107, 1982. | |
rat | LC50 | inhalation | 510mg/m3/2H (510mg/m3) | "Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic Chemicals Under Single Exposure," Izmerov, N.F., et al., Moscow, Centre of International Projects, GKNT, 1982Vol. -, Pg. 107, 1982. | |
rat | LD50 | oral | 2140mg/kg (2140mg/kg) | American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 30, Pg. 470, 1969. |
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