Palladium

 Palladium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston in 1803,and it was named by Wollaston in 1804 after the asteroid Pallas, which had been discovered two years earlier.Wollaston found palladium in crude platinum ore from South America by dissolving the ore in aqua regia, neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide, and precipitating platinum as ammonium chloroplatinate with ammonium chloride. He added mercuric cyanide to form the compound palladium cyanide, which was heated to extract palladium metal.
 Palladium chloride was at one time prescribed as a tuberculosis treatment at the rate of 0.065g per day. This treatment did have many negative side-effects, and was later replaced by more effective drugs.
 Palladium's affinity for hydrogen led it to play an essential role in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment in 1989, also known as cold fusion.
In the run up to 2000, Russian supply of palladium to the global market was repeatedly delayed and disrupted .The ensuing market panic drove the palladium price to an all-time high of $1100 per ounce in January 2001. Around this time, the Ford Motor Company, fearing auto vehicle production disruption due to a possible palladium shortage, stockpiled large amounts of the metal purchased near the price high. When prices fell in early 2001, Ford lost nearly US$1 billion.World demand for palladium increased from 100 tons in 1990 to nearly 300 tons in 2000. The global production of palladium from mines was 222 metric tons in 2006 according to USGS data. Most palladium is used for catalytic converters in the automobile industry.

The Palladium, with the cas registry number 7440-05-3, is a kind of silvery white metal. This chemical is soluble in aqua regia, nitric acid, sulfuric acid while slight soluble in muriatic acid and insoluble in cold and hot water. Besides, it is stable chemically while incompatible with ozone, sodium tetrahydroborate, sulphur, arsenic.The product categories are various, including Inorganics; Heterogeneous Catalysts.It is  a chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. As to its usage, it is widely applied in many ways. It could be used in the industry of electric instrument, chemical industry and precision alloy; It could also be used in producing catalytic agent like asbestos, undercurrent adherent point, printed circuit, dental materials and surgical instrument.

The physical properties of this chemical are below:
(1)#H bond acceptors: 0; (2)#H bond donors: 0; (3)#Freely Rotating Bonds: 0; (4)Polar Surface Area: 0; (5)Exact Mass: 105.903483; (6)MonoIsotopic Mass: 105.903483; (7)Heavy Atom Count: 1; (8)Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1.

Production of Palladium:
The production method of this chemical is below: Prepare the residue of drawing nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) and then add aqua regia to extract, filter; Next add ammonia and muriatic acid into the filter liquor to have the reaction and then have the ammonium chloropalladate sediment; Then have the refining and filtering and then restore the ammonium chloropalladate with hydrogen, and finally you could get the 99.95% palladium products.

Safety information of Palladium:
When you are using this chemical, you should be very cautious. For one thing, it is irritant to eyes, respiratory system and skin and may cause inflammation to the skin or other mucous membranes. And it may even have risk of serious damage to the eyes. For another thing, it is toxic which may at low levels cause damage to health. This chemical may cause harm to the unborn child, and with the danger of cumulative effects, it will have limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. In addition, it is highly flammable which may catch fire in contact with air, only needing brief contact with an ignition source. And it has a very low flash point or evolve highly flammable gases in contact with water. Due to so many dangers, you could take the different measures to deal with different cases. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection and avoid contacting with skin and eyes . If in case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Then avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use and remember not to breathe dust.

Additionally, you could convert the following datas into the molecular structure:
(1)Canonical SMILES: [Pd]
(2)InChI: InChI=1S/Pd
(3)InChIKey: KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N