Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: coal, SiCl4; half continuous process with vertical silica tube by passing of Cl2 from below and addition of ZrC from top; damping of overheating reaction by addition of ZrSiO4 or ZrSiO4/C; elimination of residue (coal with 4.3% Zr) in 24 h;; condensation in Ni-vessel at >80°C to separate SiCl4;; | 94.6% |
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: coal, SiCl4; half continuous process with vertical silica tube by passing of Cl2 from below and addition of ZrC from top; damping of overheating reaction by addition of ZrSiO4 or ZrSiO4/C; elimination of residue (coal with 4.3% Zr) in 24 h;; condensation in Ni-vessel at >80°C to separate SiCl4;; | 94.6% |
In neat (no solvent) formation starts at 250°C; main product at 300-400°C; end of chloration at red heat;; removal under exclusion of air, melting under CO2;; | >99 |
tetrachloro-2,2'-bipyridylzirconium
A
[2,2]bipyridinyl
B
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating under N2 above 400 °C; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With char coal In neat (no solvent) briquetting with a tenfold excess of char coal; heating the dry briquets at 600-650°C in stream of dry Cl2;; condensation of ZrCl4 in spherical condenser;; | |
chlorinating metallic Zr with dry chlorine at 453-693 K;; sublimation in a stream of dry hydrogen; elem. anal.;; | |
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) calcinating of a mixture of Zr and C under Cl2;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating of calcinated ZrO2 at 200-250°C with 5-6fold amount of SOCl2;; | |
In neat (no solvent) heating at 400°C;; | >99 |
In neat (no solvent) heating below 400°C and then increasing temp.;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: SiO2; reaction at 1300°C;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating baddeleyite in a rotary furnace to 500-600°C, countercurrent of COCl2;; extraction by heating with lime;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating;; | |
In neat (no solvent) heating at 400°C in a very slow stream of COCl2;; | |
In neat (no solvent) heating at 600-700°C;; sublimation in a stream of N2;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: H3BO3; on heating;; | |
In neat (no solvent) heating 2 hours in vac. at 200°C; back reaction at higher temperatures;; | |
In neat (no solvent) heating in an evacuated tube at 200°C;; | |
In neat (no solvent) heating 2 hours in vac. at 200°C; back reaction at higher temperatures;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating at 300°C;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating 2 hours in vac. at 250°C;; | |
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: Al2O3; heating of pur, at 1200°C calcinated ZrO2 with an excess of AlCl3 in vacuum at 250°C;; | |
In neat (no solvent) heating 2 hours in vac. at 250°C;; |
disulfur dichloride
chlorine
zirconium(IV) oxide
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) reaction of dry ZrO2 in S2Cl2/Cl2;; | >99 |
With sugar coal In neat (no solvent) heating of ZrO2/sugar coal in a quartz vessel at 1200°C in a stream of S2Cl2/Cl2;; sublimation in vacuum;; | |
In neat (no solvent) heating of ZrO2 at red heat and further increasing temperature;; sublimation in a dry stream of Cl2;; | |
With sugar coal In neat (no solvent) heating of ZrO2/sugar coal in a quartz vessel at 1200°C in a stream of S2Cl2/Cl2;; sublimation in vacuum;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating for a longer period of time at softening point of glass;; | |
With chlorine In neat (no solvent) heating to red heat;; | >99 |
In neat (no solvent) heating of calcinated ZrO2 and S2Cl2 to red heat;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With hard coal In neat (no solvent) briquet of zircon sand,hard coal and a binder (sulfite waste liquor) at 800°C (free of water); passing mixture of Cl2 and O2 over at 800-1000°C;; | |
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) briquet of zircon, charcoal and tar; passing Cl2 over; for example: at 800°C, 12 h, reaction of 89% of Zr;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With pyrographite In neat (no solvent) calcination of ZrSiO4 in presence of chlorine and C;; |
tetrachlorosilane
zirconium(IV) oxide
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating in a stream of gaseous SiCl4 in a porcelain tube; precipition of ZrCl4 in the condenser, Zr silicate is remaining in the tube;; | |
In neat (no solvent) heating 2 hours in vac. at 200°C; back reaction at higher temperatures;; | |
In neat (no solvent) heating 2 hours in vac. at 200°C; back reaction at higher temperatures;; |
tetrachlorosilane
zirconium(IV) oxide
A
silica gel
B
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating in an evacuated tube at 200°C;; |
tetrachloromethane
chlorine
zirconium(IV) oxide
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) calcination of purified ZrO2 in CCl4/Cl2 at 550-600°C in a porcelain tube, covered with asbestos, in iron tube; precipitation of the product at the colder part of the tube;; sublimation of ZrCl4 in a slow stream of gas at 140°C;; | |
In neat (no solvent) beginning of the reaction at 300-350°C, heating up to 780°C and increasing of CCl4 concentration by heating of the CCl4 loaded Cl2 stream at 70-75°C;; sublimation of ZrCl4;; | |
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: FeCl3; at 450°C;; polluted with small amounts of FeCl3;; | >99 |
tetrachloromethane
B
hexachloroethane
C
zirconium(IV) chloride
D
pyrographite
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) reaction of ZnH2 with CCl4 at 20-250°C; below the b.p. of CCl4 formation of ZrCl2 and C2Cl6, above the b.p. formation of ZrCl4 and C;; |
tetrachloromethane
zirconium(IV) oxide
A
phosgene
B
oxygen
C
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) reaction at 1000K; mechanism discussed;; determination by IR;; | |
In neat (no solvent) reaction at 1000K; mechanism discussed;; determination by IR;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) passing vapor of CCl4 over ZrO2 below red heat;; | |
With chlorine In neat (no solvent) byproducts: C2Cl6; formation of ZrCl4 and considerable amounts of C2Cl6;; | |
With chlorine In neat (no solvent) heating;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: FeCl2; heating reaction chamber to yellow heat, then addition of educts;; condensation of FeCl2 (from impurity) in first chamber at 300-500°C, then of ZrCl4 at 150°C or below in further chambers;; |
zirconium(IV) fluoride
magnesium chloride
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) dissolving 25 weight % MgCl2 in molten SnCl2; addn. of ZrF4; heating mixture to 540°C;; sublimation of ZrCl4 under He into a condenser;; |
zirconium(IV) fluoride
magnesium chloride
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) a dry mixture of ZrF4 and MgCl2 is heated 1-2 hours in a closed tube at 750°C;; sublimation of ZrCl4 under He into a condenser;; |
phosphorus pentachloride
zirconium(IV) oxide
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: POCl3; heating 8 hours in an evacuated tube at 190°C;; destillation in a stream of Cl2 and sublimation;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating at 280°C;; | |
In neat (no solvent) heating at 280°C;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating at 210°C;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) no chloration of SiO2 impurities;; | |
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: FeCl2; heating reaction chamber to yellow heat, then addition of educts;; condensation of FeCl2 (from impurity) in first chamber at 300-500°C, then of ZrCl4 at 150°C or below in further chambers;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating of ZrOCl2 in a stream of HCl at 100-150°C;; | 0% |
In neat (no solvent) heating of ZrOCl2 in a stream of HCl at 100-150°C;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) stoichiometric mixture, sealed Ta container, 800-850°C; | 100% |
In neat (no solvent) heating of stoich. amts. of reagents in a sealed Ta tube at 700-860°C for 2-3 weeks; identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction; | >90 |
In neat (no solvent) mixt. of Zr, ZrCl4, NaCl and Be was sealed under Ar in Nb or Ta ampule; heated; |
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sodium thiosulfate In water precipitation from Zr chloride solution at 70°C, large excess of thiosulfate;; | 100% |
With Na2S2O3 In water precipitation from Zr chloride solution at 70°C, large excess of thiosulfate;; | 100% |
With Alkaline In not given precipitation of Zr dioxide hydrate;; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
prepn. in a sealed tantal tube at 700 °C for 2 weeks; | 100% |
In neat (no solvent) heating of stoich. amts. of reagents in a sealed Ta tube at 700-860°C for 2-3 weeks; identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction; | >90 |
tetrahydrofuran
Zr(C6H5NCH2CH2CH2NC6H5)2
zirconium(IV) chloride
Zr(PhN(CH2)3NPh)Cl2(THF)2
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In diethyl ether byproducts: LiCl; N2 atm.; THF and diethyl ether were added by vac. transfer at -78°C to the mixt. of complex and ZrCl4, the mixt. was warmed to 0°Cin an ice bath, stirred overnight, allowed to warm to room temp.; volatiles were removed under vac. at 23°C; elem. anal.; | 100% |
[Zr(bis(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)sulfide(-2H))2]
zirconium(IV) chloride
[ZrCl2(bis(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)sulfide(-2H))]
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In toluene (Ar); Schlenk technique; soln. of Zr-S complex in toluene was added to suspn. of ZrCl4 in toluene at -30°C; mixt. was stirred for 12 h while slowly warmed to room temp.; volatiles removed (vac.); | 100% |
zirconium(IV) chloride
[(C6H5CH2N(CH2C(CH3)2O)2)ZrCl2]
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In toluene (Ar); Schlenk technique; soln. of Zr complex in toluene and soln. of ZrCl4 in toluene were cooled at -30°C and rapidly mixed; mixt. was stirred for 24 h at room temp.; volatiles removed (vac.); elem. anal.; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In diethyl ether under N2; addn. of Li compd. in Et2O to suspn. of ZrCl4 in Et2O cooled to -60°C, warming to room temp. and stirring for one week; filtration through kieselguhr, evapn. in vacuo; | 100% |
tetrahydrofuran
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: tetrahydrofuran; C28H32N2O2 With n-butyllithium In hexane at -78 - 20℃; for 2.16667h; Stage #2: zirconium(IV) chloride In hexane at -78 - 20℃; for 18.3333h; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In toluene at -30 - 20℃; for 3.08333h; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 20℃; for 24h; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In methanol at 75℃; for 15h; Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; | 100% |
selenium
selenium tetrachloride
zirconium(IV) chloride
cyclo-tetraselenium(2+) hexachlorozirconate(2-)
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) (argon); evacuated sealed glass ampoule (furnace with temperature gradient 135 to 120°C, 2 d); | 99% |
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With n-BuLi In diethyl ether; n-heptane byproducts: LiCl; Ar-atmosphere; slow addn. of excess BuLi (in heptane) to binaphthyl derivative (in Et2O) at 0°C, stirring (room temp., 2 h), addn. of slight excess ZrCl4, stirring (room temp., 12 h); solvent removal, dissoln. in C6H6, filtration off of LiCl, washing (C6H6), solvent removal; | 99% |
zirconium(IV) chloride
tellurium tetrachloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent, solid phase) Te, TeCl4 and ZrCl4 filled in glass ampoule under Ar, ampoule evacuated,sealed and heated in horizontal tube furnace to 220°C, ampoule p laced assymetrically, so temp. gradient of 20°C from the hot charged end to empty, heated for 3 wk; crystals formed in colder part of ampoule; | 99% |
2-{ [5-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) furan-2-yl]methyleneamino}phenol
zirconium(IV) chloride
C18H11Cl3F3NO2Zr
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: 2-{ [5-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) furan-2-yl]methyleneamino}phenol With sodium hydride In tetrahydrofuran at -20℃; for 2h; Stage #2: zirconium(IV) chloride In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; | 99% |
tetrahydrofuran
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: tetrahydrofuran; C35H38N2O2 With n-butyllithium In hexane at -78 - 20℃; for 2.16667h; Stage #2: zirconium(IV) chloride In hexane at -78 - 20℃; for 18.3333h; | 99% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: C42H42O4Si2 With n-butyllithium In tetrahydrofuran; hexane; toluene at -78 - 60℃; for 1.33333h; Inert atmosphere; Stage #2: zirconium(IV) chloride In tetrahydrofuran; hexane; toluene at -78 - 20℃; Inert atmosphere; | 99% |
2-hydroxyterephthalic acid
water
zirconium(IV) chloride
acetic acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In N,N-dimethyl-formamide at 120℃; for 24h; Reagent/catalyst; | 99% |
bis(n-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In toluene at 120℃; for 16h; Schlenk technique; | 99% |
N-methylcyclohexylamine
zirconium(IV) chloride
tetrakis(cyclohexylmethylamide)zirconium
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With Li-n-Bu In hexane; toluene in oxygen and moisture free atmosphere; soln. of ligand in toluene addeddropwise to soln. of Li-n-Bu in hexane; stirred at room temp. for 2.5 h ; ZrCl4 added gradually for 30 min; stirred for 18 h; filtered; filtrate reduced to oil under reduced pressure; elem. anal.; | 98.7% |
15-crown-5
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In acetonitrile soln. of ZrCl4 and 15-crown-5 prepared under cooling; addn. of NaF; stirred for 12 h at 25°C; filtration; solvent removed until beginning of crystn.; cooled down to 5°C; crystn.; filtration; washed (cold acetonitrile); dried under vac.; elem. anal.; IR; | 98.3% |
zirconium(IV) chloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In toluene at -30 - 20℃; | 98% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: MgCl2; heating at 900-1100°C;; | 98% |
zirconium(IV) chloride
zirconium
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With zinc In melt Electrolysis; melting electrolysis, Zn-electrode, addition of alkalichloride;; evaporation of Zn in vacuum at 700-800°C;; | 98% |
With zinc In melt Electrolysis; melting electrolysis, Zn-electrode, addition of alkalichloride;; evaporation of Zn in vacuum at 700-800°C;; | 98% |
With magnesium; sodium chloride In melt heating in an iron crucible, decanting of salt melt, addition of water and HCl to Zr residue after cooling down;; impured;; | 88% |
pentamethylcyclopentadienyltrimethylsilane
zirconium(IV) chloride
A
chloro-trimethyl-silane
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In n-heptane Addn. of C5(CH3)5Si(CH3)3 to suspension of ZrCl4 in heptane (N2), slowly warming (60 °C), stirring (4 h), cooling.; Filtration, washed (hexane), dried (vacuum), elem. anal.; | A n/a B 98% |
zirconium(IV) chloride
1-methyl-2-(trimethylstannyl)-1,2-dihydroborinine
trichloro(1-methylboratabenzene)zirconium
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hexane N2-atmosphere; stirring (20°C, 1 h); washing (hexane), drying (vac.); | 98% |
methanol
1,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)oxamide
zirconium(IV) chloride
sodium hydroxide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In methanol; water MeOH soln. of oxamide and 1 M soln. of 2 equiv. of NaOH soln. were mixedwith 2 equiv. of ZrCl4 at room temp.; soln. was evapd., elem. anal.; | 98% |
[dimethyloctylsilyl]cyclopentadiene
zirconium(IV) chloride
bis[(dimethyloctylsilyl)cyclopentadienyl]zirconium dichloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With n-BuLi In tetrahydrofuran; diethyl ether; hexane (N2); Schlenk technique; Si compd. added to stirred soln. of BuLi in C6H14/Et2O at -78°C; stirred (room temp., 3 h); solvent removed (vac.); dissolved in THF (-78°C); added to ZrCl4/THF at 0°C over 0.5 h; stirred (48 h, room temp.); volatiles removed (vac.); extd. (pentane); filtrate concd. (vac.); elem.anal.; | 98% |
zirconium(IV) chloride
benzene
A
4,4'-bis[P-(chlorogold(I))diphenylphosphino]biphenyl
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran under N2; soln. of Au complex in THF added to solid ZrCl4; stirred at room temp. for 16 h; volatiles removed in vac.; extd. with benzene; centrifuged; ppt. flushedwith benzene; stirred overnight; supernatant sepd. by centrifugation; c ombined benzene extracts concd. in vac.; crystd. from benzene-hexane; elem. anal.; | A 98% B 82% |
tetrahydrofuran
1,9-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyldipyrrin
zirconium(IV) chloride
[(1,9-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyldipyrrin(-3H))ZrCl(tetrahydrofuran)]
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With NaH In tetrahydrofuran 1,9-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)dipyrrin deriv. treated with NaH in THF, treatment with ZrCl4; | 98% |
Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.
OSHA PEL: TWA 5 mg(Zr)/m3; STEL 10 mg(Zr)/m3; Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen
ACGIH TLV: TWA 5 mg(Zr)/m3; STEL 10 mg(Zr)/m3
DFG MAK: 1 mg(Zr)/m3
DOT Classification: 8; Label: Corrosive
The Zirconium chloride with CAS registry number of 10026-11-6 is also known as Zirconium tetrachloride. The IUPAC name is Tetrachlorozirconium. Its EINECS registry number is 233-058-2. In addition, the formula is ZrCl4 and the molecular weight is 233.02. This chemical is a white fine powder and soluble in water. As it is not stable at normal temperature and pressure, it should be sealed in ventilated and dry place without light. Furthermore, this chemical can be used as analytical reagent, organic synthesis catalyst, water repellent and tanning agent.
Physical properties about Zirconium chloride are: (1)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1; (2)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1; (3)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 16.15 kJ/mol; (4)Vapour Pressure: 33900 mmHg at 25°C; (5)Exact Mass: 231.777164; (6)MonoIsotopic Mass: 229.780115; (7)Heavy Atom Count: 5; (8)Complexity: 19.1; (9)Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1.
Preparation of Zirconium chloride: it can be prepared by the transformation of cobalt dioxide. These refractory oxides are first converted to the tetrachloride, which can be distilled at high temperatures. Reaction equation is as follows:
ZrO2 + 2 C + 2 Cl2 → ZrCl4 + 2 CO
When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it. As a chemical, it is harmful if swallowed and it may cause burns. What's more, it reacts violently with water. During using it, wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. Keep container dry. If contact with eyes accidently, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately
You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
1. Canonical SMILES: Cl[Zr](Cl)(Cl)Cl
2. InChI: InChI=1S/4ClH.Zr/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4
3. InChIKey: DUNKXUFBGCUVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-J
The toxicity data is as follows:
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
mouse | LD50 | oral | 489mg/kg (489mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD GASTROINTESTINAL: ULCERATION OR BLEEDING FROM STOMACH | Journal de Pharmacologie. Vol. 14, Pg. 437, 1983. |
rat | LD50 | oral | 1688mg/kg (1688mg/kg) | Hygiene and Sanitation Vol. 31(7-9), Pg. 328, 1966. |
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