Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In melt | 100% |
In melt | 100% |
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With oxalic acid In water byproducts: potassium oxalate; evapn. twice with satd. soln. of oxalic acid; | 100% |
With oxalic acid In water byproducts: potassium oxalate; evapn. twice with satd. soln. of oxalic acid; | 100% |
With carbon dioxide In water absorption of CO2 from air; | |
In water electrodialysis; | |
With CO2 In water absorption of CO2 from air; |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In melt | 100% |
In melt | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In melt | 100% |
In melt | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In melt | 100% |
In melt | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In melt | 100% |
In melt | 100% |
triethyloxonium fluoroborate
bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide
A
triethyloxonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
B
hydrogen fluoride
C
boron trifluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 75 - 80℃; for 3h; | A 100% B n/a C n/a |
Pentafluoroethyl-(1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-trifluoromethyl-ethyl)-amine
A
perfluoro(4-methyl-3-aza-2-pentene)
B
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
in presence of (CH3)3N, 25°C, 3 h; | A 99% B n/a |
in presence of (CH3)3N, 25°C, 3 h; | A 99% B n/a |
triethylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate
bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide
A
triethyloxonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
B
hydrogen fluoride
C
boron trifluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 75 - 80℃; for 3h; | A 97.9% B n/a C n/a |
triethyloxonium fluoroborate
A
triethyloxonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate
B
hydrogen fluoride
C
boron trifluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 75 - 80℃; for 3h; Product distribution / selectivity; | A 95.7% B n/a C n/a |
N,N'-bis-(trifluoromethyl)tetrafluoroethylene-1,2-diamine
A
perfluoro(2,5-diaza-2,4-hexadiene)
B
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
70°C, 4 h, in presence of NaF; | A 95% B n/a |
70°C, 4 h, in presence of NaF; | A 95% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
330 to 370°C, CaF2:H2SO4:H2O = 1:1.35:1.8, air as carrier gas, in a fluidized bed; | 91% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
3h, fluorite concentrate (95% CaF2, 1-3% SiO2, 1% H2O); | 90% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In water 1.0 atm, 180°C; | 88% |
In water 1.0 atm, 170°C; | 84% |
150°C; |
fluorine
sulfur
A
disulfur decafluoride
B
disulfur difluoride
C
sulfur tetrafluoride
D
hydrogen fluoride
E
sulfur(VI) hexafluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) byproducts: OF2; introduction of F2 into steel chamber, sulfur in compartments; detailed description of apparatus and handling given;; first passing through Ni (or Monel) tube (400°C); second Cu column (H2O sprayed); passed into steel column (containing carbon/Fe shavings; aq. NaOH sprayed); dried in column (containing solid NaOH, BaO or P2O5);; | A n/a B n/a C n/a D n/a E 87% |
(C5Me5)Rh(PMe3)(H)2
decafluorobiphenyl
A
(C5Me5)Rh(PMe3)(4-perfluorobiphenyl)H
B
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In perdeuteriopyridine (N2); thermolysis (85°C) with 12 equiv of perfluorobiphenyl; | A 87% B n/a |
tetracyanidoboronic acid
triethyloxonium fluoroborate
A
triethyloxonium tetracyanoborate
B
hydrogen fluoride
C
boron trifluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at 75 - 80℃; for 3h; | A 85.4% B n/a C n/a |
(C5Me5)Rh(PMe3)(H)2
Hexafluorobenzene
A
(C5(CH3)5)Rh(P(CH3)3)(C6F5)H
B
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In perdeuteriopyridine (N2); thermolysis (85°C) with 12 equiv of C6F6; | A 81% B n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
1925 to 2760°C, hydrothermal process; | A n/a B 80% |
methanol
chlorosulfonyldifluoroacetylfluoride
A
methyl 2,2-difluoro-2-(chlorosulfonyl)acetate
B
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In dichloromethane 20°C; | A 80% B n/a |
xenon difluoride
bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide
A
fluoro[imidobis(sulfuryl fluoride)]xenon(II)
B
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In Dichlorodifluoromethane 3 d at 0°C, 1:1 molar ratio; The reactor was pumped for 3 h at 0°C to remove the byproducts, elem. anal.; | A 80% B n/a |
ethanol
chlorosulfonyldifluoroacetylfluoride
A
Chlorsulfonyl-difluoressigsaeure-ethylester
B
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In dichloromethane 20°C; | A 75% B n/a |
perhydrodibenzo-18-crown-6
water
B
hydrogen fluoride
C
boric acid
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In methanol standing at 20°C to solvent evapn.; residue dilution with acetone/hexane, soln. partial evapn., upper layer decanting, residue washing with hot hexane, crystn. from ethyl acetate; | A 71% B n/a C n/a |
mesityltrifluorogermane
A
difluorodimesitylgermane
B
(GeF2CH2C6H2(CH3)2)2
C
hydrogen fluoride
D
germanium tetrafluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In benzene byproducts: C6H3(CH3)3; (N2); soln. of Ge-compd. in anhyd. benzene kept at 80°C (12 h);; | A 30% B 70% C n/a D n/a |
Bis(ethylthio)(1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethylidene)methane
2,3-dimethyl-buta-1,3-diene
A
(2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dimethylphenyl)ethylsulfide
B
hydrogen fluoride
C
ethanethiol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one at 190℃; Diels-Alder Cycloaddition; | A 63% B n/a C n/a |
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sulfuric acid byproducts: PbF2, SiF4, HSO3F; concd. H2SO4; water content 5 %, water content is higher if diluted H2SO4 is used; 185 °C, 4 h; H2SO3 also formed;; | 60% |
With H2SO4 byproducts: PbF2, SiF4, HSO3F; concd. H2SO4; water content 5 %, water content is higher if diluted H2SO4 is used; 185 °C, 4 h; H2SO3 also formed;; | 60% |
With calcium sulfate; sulfuric acid |
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
With sulfuric acid byproducts: PbF2, SiF4, HSO3F; concd. H2SO4; water content 5 %, water content is higher if diluted H2SO4 is used; 185 °C, 4 h; H2SO3 also formed;; | 60% |
With H2SO4 byproducts: PbF2, SiF4, HSO3F; concd. H2SO4; water content 5 %, water content is higher if diluted H2SO4 is used; 185 °C, 4 h; H2SO3 also formed;; | 60% |
With sulfuric acid heating in Pb- or Pt- containers; concd. H2SO4;; |
Bis(ethylthio)(1,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropylidene)methane
2,3-dimethyl-buta-1,3-diene
A
(2-pentafluoroethyl-4,5-dimethylphenyl)ethylsulfide
B
hydrogen fluoride
C
ethanethiol
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one at 190℃; for 40h; Diels-Alder Cycloaddition; | A 60% B n/a C n/a |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) passing a slow water-steam-stream over heated CaF2 in a platinum-tube gives an equilibrium; messure of Vol-% HF at different temperatures;; | A 52.9% B n/a |
In neat (no solvent) passing a slow water-steam-stream over heated CaF2 in a platinum-tube gives an equilibrium; messure of Vol-% HF at different temperatures;; | A 52.9% B n/a |
trans-WOF4CH3CN
water
A
WOF5(1-)
mer-WOF3(OH)CH3CN
E
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In water; acetonitrile byproducts: trans-WOF4(H2O); addn. of 3.5% H2O as a 20% soln. of water in CH3CN to a soln. of trans-XOF4(CH3CN) in acetonitrile;; not isolated; detected by 19F-NMR-spectroscopy;; | A 2.5% B 7.5% C 50% D 5% E 30% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
20 min, 250 °C;; | 100% |
20 min, 250 °C;; | 100% |
2,2,4,4,6,6-hexachloro-1,3,5-triaza-2,4,6-triphosphorine
hydrogen fluoride
A
hydrogenchloride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In not given react. with HF;; | A n/a B 100% |
osmium pentafluoride oxide
hydrogen fluoride
osmium tetrafluoride oxide
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Dry HF and OsOF5 were condensed into a reaction vessel. The reactor was heated to 293 K.; HF and the excess of OsOF5 were driven off by heating the reaction products to constant weight. Crystalline ReOF4 was separated from the green solution. Elem. anal.; | 100% |
rhenium oxide pentafluoride
hydrogen fluoride
rhenium oxotetrafluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Dry HF and ReOF5 were condensed into a reaction vessel. The reactor was then heated to 293 K.; HF and the excess of ReOF5 were driven off by heating the reaction products to constant weight. Crystalline ReOF4 was separated from the blue solution. Elem. anal.; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In neat (no solvent) heating (HF atm., 200°C, 2 h); elem. anal.; | 100% |
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In dichloromethane N2 or Ar-atmosphere; pptn. on concg. and Et2O addn., filtering, washing (pentane); | 100% |
hydrogen fluoride
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In tetrahydrofuran; hydrogen fluoride byproducts: NO2(1-); addn. of conc. aq. HX, boiling (15 min); cooling, crystn., washing (H2O), drying (vac.); | 100% |
indium(I) tetrafluoroborate
hydrogen fluoride
antimony pentafluoride
indium(I) hexafluoroantimonate
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
In hydrogen fluoride HF (liquid); equimol., HF condenced onto reagent at 77 K, alowed to warm to room temp., left for 1 d; volatiles removed (vac.); elem. anal.; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: hydrogen fluoride; antimony pentafluoride at -196 - 20℃; Sealed tube; Stage #2: acetonitrile at -196 - 20℃; for 0.5h; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: hydrogen fluoride; antimony pentafluoride at -196 - 20℃; Sealed tube; Stage #2: acetonitrile at -196 - 20℃; for 0.5h; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: hydrogen fluoride; antimony pentafluoride at -196 - 20℃; Sealed tube; Stage #2: propiononitrile at -196 - 20℃; for 0.5h; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: hydrogen fluoride; antimony pentafluoride at -196 - 20℃; Sealed tube; Stage #2: propiononitrile at -196 - 20℃; for 0.5h; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: hydrogen fluoride; antimony pentafluoride at -196 - 20℃; Sealed tube; Stage #2: propyl cyanide at -196 - 20℃; for 0.5h; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: hydrogen fluoride; antimony pentafluoride at -196 - 20℃; Sealed tube; Stage #2: propyl cyanide at -196 - 20℃; for 0.5h; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: hydrogen fluoride; antimony pentafluoride at -196 - 20℃; Sealed tube; Stage #2: benzonitrile at -196 - 20℃; for 0.5h; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: hydrogen fluoride; antimony pentafluoride at -196 - 20℃; Sealed tube; Stage #2: benzonitrile at -196 - 20℃; for 0.5h; Sealed tube; Inert atmosphere; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at -196 - 20℃; Sealed tube; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: hydrogen fluoride; antimony pentafluoride Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; Cooling; Stage #2: malononitrile for 0.0833333h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; Cooling; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
Stage #1: hydrogen fluoride; antimony pentafluoride Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; Cooling; Stage #2: malononitrile for 0.0833333h; Schlenk technique; Inert atmosphere; Cooling; | 100% |
Conditions | Yield |
---|---|
at -196 - -40℃; for 72h; Schlenk technique; | 100% |
EPA Extremely Hazardous Substances List. Community Right-To-Know List. EPA Genetic Toxicology Program. Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.
OSHA PEL: TWA 3 ppm; STEL 6 ppm (F)
ACGIH TLV: CL 3 ppm (F); BEI: 3 mg/g creatinine of fluorides in urine prior to shift; 10 mg/g creatinine of fluorides in urine at end of shift.
DFG MAK: 3 ppm (2.5 mg/m3); BAT 7.0 mg/g creatinine in urine at end of shift
NIOSH REL: (HF) TWA 2.5 mg(F)/m3; CL 5.0 mg(F)/m3/15M
DOT Classification: 8; Label: Corrosive, Poison
For occupational chemical analysis use NIOSH: Fluorides, 7902; Acids, Inorganic, 7903.
Hydrofluoric acid (CAS NO.7664-39-3) is a chemical compound with the formula HF. It is the principal industrial source of fluorine, often in the aqueous form as hydrofluoric acid. The hot, gaseous it is either absorbed in water or liquefied; refrigeration is employed to obtain the anhydrous product needed for fluorocarbon manufacture and other uses. Although it is corrosive, concentrations of 60% and above can be handled in steel at lower temperatures; load, carbon and special alloys are also used in the process equipment.It is A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.
Physical properties about Hydrofluoric acid are:
(1)mp: -35°C; (2)bp: 105°C; (3)density: 1.15 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.); (4)vapor density: 1.27 (vs air); (5)vapor pressure: 25 mm Hg ( 20 °C); (6)Fp: 112°C; (7)Water Solubility: soluble; (8)Sensitive:Hygroscopic; (9)Merck:14,479
Preparation of Hydrofluoric acid:
Hydrofluoric acid is produced by treatment of the mineral fluorite (CaF2) with concentrated sulfuric acid. When combined at 265 °C, these two substances react to produce hydrogen fluoride and calcium sulfate according to the following chemical equation:
CaF2 + H2SO4 → 2 HF + CaSO4
Uses of Hydrofluoric acid:
Hydrofluoric acid is the precursor to many important compounds including pharmaceuticals and polymers (e.g. Teflon). HF is widely used in the petrochemical industry and a component of many superacids. HF boils just below room temperature whereas the other hydrogen halides condense at much lower temperatures. Unlike the other hydrogen halides, HF is lighter than air and its odour is particularly penetrating, which can damage the lungs. Hydrofluoric acid is used to prepare fluorocarbons and one:third of the total goes to the aluminum industry, where synthetic cryolite, sodium aluminum fluoride, is a major constituent of the electrolyte. It is also consumed in the melting and refining of secondary aluminum. Other uses of hydrofluoric acid are found in the metals and petroleum industries.
When you are using Hydrofluoric acid, please be cautious about it as the following:
1.In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice;
2.Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection;
3.In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible);
You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)InChI=1S/FH/h1H;
(2)InChIKey=KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
(3)SmilesF;
The toxicity data of Hydrofluoric acid is as follows:
Organism | Test Type | Route | Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) | Effect | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
frog | LDLo | subcutaneous | 112mg/kg (112mg/kg) | Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses Filiales. Vol. 124, Pg. 133, 1937. | |
guinea pig | LC50 | inhalation | 4327ppm/15M (4327ppm) | SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: LACRIMATION: EYE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION | American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 24, Pg. 253, 1963. |
human | LCLo | inhalation | 50ppm/30M (50ppm) | "Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals," Deichmann, W.B., New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1969Vol. -, Pg. 318, 1969. | |
man | TCLo | inhalation | 100mg/m3/1M (100mg/m3) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: COUGH SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: OTHER CHANGES: OLFACTION SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: CONJUNCTIVE IRRITATION: EYE | Journal of Industrial Hygiene. Vol. 16, Pg. 129, 1934. |
man | TDLo | oral | 143mg/kg (143mg/kg) | VASCULAR: BP LOWERING NOT CHARACTERIZED IN AUTONOMIC SECTION CARDIAC: ARRHYTHMIAS (INCLUDING CHANGES IN CONDUCTION) KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: "CHANGES IN TUBULES (INCLUDING ACUTE RENAL FAILURE, ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS)" | Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. Vol. 35, Pg. 307, 1997. |
monkey | LC50 | inhalation | 1774ppm/1H (1774ppm) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CYANOSIS GASTROINTESTINAL: OTHER CHANGES BEHAVIORAL: COMA | Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Report. Vol. TR-70-77, Pg. 1970, |
mouse | LC50 | inhalation | 342ppm/1H (342ppm) | LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: CORNEAL DAMAGE: EYE SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: OTHER: EYE | Journal of Combustion Toxicology. Vol. 3, Pg. 61, 1976. |
mouse | LDLo | skin | 500mg/kg (500mg/kg) | BEHAVIORAL: TREMOR PERIPHERAL NERVE AND SENSATION: SPASTIC PARALYSIS WITH OR WITHOUT SENSORY CHANGE LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION | Sangyo Igaku. Japanese Journal of Industrial Health. Vol. 17, Pg. 281, 1975. |
rabbit | LCLo | inhalation | 260mg/m3/7H (260mg/m3) | AMA Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine. Vol. 2, Pg. 716, 1950. | |
rat | LC50 | inhalation | 1276ppm/1H (1276ppm) | GASTROINTESTINAL: CHANGES IN STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF SALIVARY GLANDS BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY) SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: LACRIMATION: EYE | American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 33, Pg. 661, 1972. |
rat | LDLo | intraperitoneal | 25mg/kg (25mg/kg) | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 13, Pg. 76, 1968. |
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